1. Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues3

2. Three Major Body Cavities
The body is divided into various cavities but not all compartments have walls or are completely enclosed
Figure 3-1

3. Lumens of Hollow Organs
Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something other than the organ’s tissue.
Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Intestines
Lumen – interior of a hollow organ
Fluid-filled interior
Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract

4. Functional Compartments
Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue
Plasma-fluid of blood
Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and tissue cells
Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells

5. Body Fluid Compartments
Figure 3-2

6. Cell Membrane: Overview
Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or microscopic and serve different functions
Figure 3-3

7. Cell Membrane: Function
Physical barrier- separates intracellular and extracellular fluid
Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and leaves the cell
Communication- surface proteins respond and recognize other molecules which can change cell activity
Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins. Membrane proteins also form cell junctions
Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions assist in controlling transport.

8. Cell Membrane: Structure
The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane
Figure 3-4

9. Cell Membrane: Composition
Lipids
Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane.
Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and reduces it’s freezing point.
Proteins
Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel
Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton anchors
Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that may attract other proteins or enzymes
Carbohydrates
Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids
Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins

10. Cell Membrane: Formation
Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group
Figure 3-5a

11. Cell Membrane: Formation
Figure 3-5b

12. Cell Membrane: Proteins
The three types of membrane proteins: integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored
Figure 3-6

13. Cell Membrane
Concept Map of cell membrane components
Figure 3-9

14. The cell membrane covers cells of various sizes, shapes, and functions
Figure 3-10

15. Cell Compartments
Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the organelles
Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble particles
Organelles - cell structures with specific function- “small organs”
Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm.

16. Cell Compartments
A map for the study of cell structure
Figure 3-11

17. Organelle “Factory” and summary chart
See board drawing and table on board
Review on your own the functions and structures of the following cell organelles (see fig 3:12):
Inclusions (3-types)
Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella
Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes)
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasmic Vesicles
Nucleus

18. Primary Tissue Types
Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange, and lining cavities.
Connective- major functions are: support, storage, communication, immunity.
Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat production, support and protection.
Nerve- major function is communication and control, information processing.

19. Epithelial Tissue: Structure
Basal lamina
Basement membrane

20. Epithelial Tissue: Function
Exchange – quick movement of molecules
Transport – move from one side to another and process
Ciliated – move substances in the extracellular matrix
Protective – multiple layers, quickly regenerates
Secretory – produces substances secreted into the extracellular matrix or outside the body.

21. Exchange Epithelia
Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates, increase surface area with microvilli.
Rapid transport -
Oxygen -
Carbon dioxide -
Ions and fluids -
Capillaries and lung alveoli -

22. Transporting Epithelia
single layer or cuboidal or columnar cells, take in a molecule from a lumen and transport it into the blood stream.
Exchange of ions and nutrients -
Tight junctions -
Intestine and kidney -

23. Ciliated and Protective Epithelia
apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the cell, like the ovum or mucus
Ciliated epithelium -
Trachea -
Sweep mucous out -
Protective epithelium -
multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high regenerative ability.
Skin -
Prevent exchange -

24. Secretory Epithelia
contain goblet cells and cells that form the different endocrine or exocrine glands in the body
Exocrine tissues
Mucous glands
Goblet cells
Secreted externally via ducts
Endocrine tissues
Hormones
Secreted to ECF and blood

25. Secretory Epithelia
Development of endocrine and exocrine glands from epithelium
Figure 3-28 (1 of 3)

26. Connective Tissues: Structure
Support and barriers – strong high collagen content allow to withstand forces
Ground substance – varies in amount of water and changes the consistency of the type of connecitve tissue
Cells – have a wide variety of functions
Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance
Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the blood stream.

27. Connective Tissues: Structure
Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their unique characteristics.
Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance
Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are 12 variations, is most abundant in the body.
Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues
Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic organs.
Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in forming blood clots
Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphnodes

28. Connective Tissues: Types

29. Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue
Figure 3-29 (1 of 2)

30. Various Connective Tissue Types
Strength or flexibility
Tendons and ligaments
Collagen dominates
Adipose connective tissue
White
Single droplet
Brown
Multiple droplets
Blood
Plasma matrix
Free blood cells
Cartilage
Light and flexible
Trachea and ears
Bone
Calcified
Rigid

31. Muscle Tissues Contractile Signal conduction Types Force and movement
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

32. Nervous Tissues Neurons send signals Glial cells support Excitable
Electrical
Chemical
Glial cells support

33. Cell Death and Replacement
Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other external reasons
Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in normal body function cells reach a life limit and die
Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide”
Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and mulitpotent
Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have multipotent stem cells that can replace cells
Research uses and potential – need to find a good source of stem cells, face many ethical issues

34. Organs
Groups of tissues with related function – each contains the four types of tissues in various ratios
Epidermal tissue (skin) -
Multiple cell layers – epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective, muscular, nervous
Multiple functions – protection, metabolism, temperature regulation, water proofing, blood storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ

35. UN Overview

36. Integument System Functions
Protection
Insulation
Water proofing
Temperature regulation
Excretion
Cutaneous Sensory organ
Metabolism
Blood reservoir