1. Ch. 2 Sect 4
Cells and Energy

2. Cellular Respiration All living things need energy to survive.
Cellular Respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP.
Occurs in two parts: cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

3. Reactants & Products
Reactants- molecules needed for a reaction to occur
C.R. Reactants: C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) & O₂ (oxygen)
Products- molecules that are produced due to a reaction.
C.R. Products: CO₂ (carbon dioxide) & H₂O (water) & ATP (energy)

4. Glycolysis
Is a process where glucose (sugar) is broken down into smaller molecules.
Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Produces ATP molecules.

5. Reactions in Mitochondria
2nd step occurs in them mitochondria
Requires O₂ (oxygen)
Molecules made from glycolysis is broken down into ATP
Cells use ATP to power all cellular processes.
2 waste products: H₂O (water) & CO₂ (carbon dioxide).
CO₂ is used by plants during photosynthesis.

6. Fermentation
A reaction that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low.
Makes less ATP
Occurs in the cytoplasm.

7. Types of Fermentation
Lactic Acid- a waste product when glucose is converted into ATP.
Cheese, yogurt and sour cream are produced during lactic acid fermentation
Muscles cell use lactic acid fermentation during exercise often.
Alcohol Fermentation – bacteria & yeast make ATP by producing ethanol and CO₂

8. Photosynthesis
A series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, H₂O, and CO₂ into glucose (sugar) and gives off O₂.
Chlorophyll- green pigment in chloroplasts absorbs the light energy. Absorbs all colors except green.
Occurs in the chloroplast
Produces glucose for the plant and oxygen which is released in the atmosphere.
Formula: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

9. Reactants & Products
Photosynthesis Reactants: CO₂ (carbon dioxide) & H₂O (water) & light energy
Photosynthesis Products: C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) & O₂ (oxygen).

10. Importance of Photosynthesis
The energy produced during photosynthesis will be used by other organisms as it eats plants.
Relationship: Photosynthesis produces products that cellular respiration uses.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light Energy →C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP