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dealing with classification and naming of living things
Taxonomy Branch of Biology dealing with classification and naming of living things
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New organisms are still being found and identified
Overview: this slide does not need to be written down Species of Organisms There are an estimated 3 to 100 million species of organisms (most agree with 11 million) New organisms are still being found and identified
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Carolus Linnaeus 1707 - 1778 -- aka “Father of Taxonomy”
-- Based on structural similarities -- Early classification system: only 2 categories… -- Developed naming system used today (binomial nomenclature)
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Criteria for Classification
Linnaeus used structural similarities (ex: have feathers) As technology and knowledge changed Biochemical information DNA (genetic information), protein analysis Cytological information-cell structure Embryonic development Behavior
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Taxon Levels Taxon (taxa – plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups from broadest to most specific
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Taxon Levels *pyramid on board
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Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup!
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Chimp vs. Human Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Pongidae
Pan troglodytes Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens
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Binomial Nomenclature
RULES Write using genus and species Capitalize genus, lowercase species Underline OR italicize H. sapiens for short (in text) Homo sapiens or
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Why use scientific names?
More precise/accurate Universally accepted Specific to organism Ex: starfish and jellyfish , sea horse = arent really fish!!
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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Neopalpa Donaldtrumpi
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Smallmouth Bass Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes
Scientific classification Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. dolomieu Binomial name Micropterus dolomieu
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Largemouth Bass Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. salmoides Binomial name Micropterus salmoides
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Striped Bass Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Moronidae Genus: Morone Species: M. saxatilis Binomial name Morone saxatilis 3
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Many species that are known as basses include:
* The Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, a member of the perch family, Percichthyidae. * The black sea bass, Centropristis striata, a member of the family Serranidae. * The giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas, also known as the black sea bass, a member of the family Polyprionidae. * The Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides, more commonly known as the Patagonian toothfish. * The European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. * The Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides * The Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui. * The Striped bass, Morone saxatilis * The Spotted bass, Micropterus punctulatus
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Taxonomic Keys Tools used to identify organisms already classified by taxonomists a.k.a. dichotomous keys Consist of a series of paired statements that describe alternative characteristics of the organism Statements describe presence or absence of a characteristic/structure
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Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains
Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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Domain: ARCHAEA Probably the 1st cells to evolve – simple!
Live in HARSH environments Found in: Thermal or Volcanic Vents (thermophiles) Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) (halophiles)
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ARCHAEAN
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Domain: EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE
Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
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Live in the intestines of animals
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Domain: Eukarya – Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)
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Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular
Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Animal-like= protozoan, Plant-like= algae
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Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Parasite or decomposer
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin
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Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic
Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death.
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Animalia Multicellular
Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals
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Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Unicellular
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Colonial
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Multicellular-specialized cells/tissues
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Level of Organization:
Cell tissue organ Organ system organism
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Mode of nutrition Heterotroph Autotroph Absorption Ingestion
Photosynthetic / chemosynthetic
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