1. Water Soluble Vitamins

2. Vitamin C Deficiencies
Scurvy – bleeding gums and small pinpoint hemorrhages (red spots) on skin
Bone fragility and joint pain
Poor wound healing
Frequent infections

3. Thiamin Deficiencies
Beriberi with possible edema or muscle wasting
Enlarged heart
Heart failure
Muscular weakness
Pain
Apathy
Poor short-term memory
Confusion
Irritability
Difficulty walking
Paralysis
Anorexia
Weight loss

4. Riboflavin Food sources
Beef liver
Cottage cheese
Enriched cereal
Spinach
Milk
Yogurt
Pork chop
Mushrooms

5. Can vitamin C cure the common cold?
No, but it can help aid the immune system to fight it.

6. New genetic material Folate Synthesize DNA
Roles of Folate
Part of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesis

7. Biotin and Pantothenic Acid (pg. 268)
Much like thiamin, riboflavin and niacin – important in energy metabolism
Roles for biotin – gene expression
Roles for Pantothenic Acid – participates in the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.
Both readily available in foods
A steady diet of raw egg whites, which contain a protein that binds biotin, can produce biotin deficiency. You would have to consume more than two dozen raw egg whites daily to produce that effect.

8. Thiamin Food Sources
Enriched pasta and cereal
Pork chop
Green peas
Waffle
Wheat bagel
Sunflower seeds
Baked potato
Black beans

9. Vitamin C Toxicity
Nausea
Abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Rashes
Interference with medical tests and drug therapies
Aggravation of gout or kidney stones

10. Niacin Deficiencies
Pellagra – flaky skin rash (dermatitis) when exposed to sunlight
Mental depression
Apathy
Fatigue
Loss of memory
Headache
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Swollen, smooth, bright red or black tongue

11. Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Vitamin B12 Toxicity
None reported

12. Vitamin C Food sources
Sweet red pepper and green pepper
Brussels sprouts
Grapefruit
Sweet potato
Orange juice
Broccoli
Strawberries
Bok choy

13. Vitamin B6 Toxicity
Depression
Fatigue
Impaired memory irritability
Headaches
Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness progressing to an inability to walk and convulsions
Skin lesions

14. Non-
Non-B Vitamins (pg. 269)
Choline
Carnitine
Inositol
Lipoic acid

15. Folate Food Sources
Beef liver
Pinto beans
Asparagus
Avocado
Lentils
Spinach
Enrich cereal
Beets

16. Niacin Toxicity
Painful flush, hives and rash
Excessive sweating
Blurred vision
Liver damage
Impaired glucose tolerance

17. Riboflavin Deficiencies
Cracks and redness at corners of mouth
Painful, smooth, purplish red tongue
Sore throat
Inflamed eyes and eyelids
Sensitivity to light
Skin rashes

18. Vitamin B6 Food Sources
Beef liver
Banana
Sweet potato
Baked potato
Chicken breast
Spinach

19. Folate Deficiency
Anemia
Smooth, red tongue
Depression, mental confusion
Weakness
Fatigue
Irritability
Headache
A low intake increases the risk of neural tube birth defects

20. Vitamin B12 Roles
Part of coenzymes needed in new cell synthesis
Helps to maintain nerve cell

21. Coenzyme Action
Without the coenzyme, compounds A and B don’t respond to the enzyme.
With the coenzyme in place, compounds A and B are attracted to the active site on the enzyme, and they react.
The reaction is completed with the formation of a new product. In this case the product is AB.
The product AB is released.

22. Niacin Food Sources
Chicken breast
Pork chop
Baked potato
Tuna
Enriched cereal
Mushrooms

23. Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Smooth tongue
Tingling or numbness
Fatigue
Memory loss
Disorientation
Degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis

24. Tryptophan Niacin Roles of Vitamin B6
Part of a coenzyme needed in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin
Helps to make hemoglobin for red blood cells

25. Roles of the B Vitamins in Metabolism
B vitamins help the body metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acidsx.
B vitamins do not supply the body with energy.
B vitamins help the body use that energy made from carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

26. Vitamin B6 Deficiencies
Anemia
Depression
Confusion
Abnormal brain wave pattern
Convulsions
Greasy, scaly dermatitis

27. Collagen Antioxidant Roles of Vitamin C
Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth)
Antioxidant
Restores vitamin E to active form
Supports immune system
Boosts iron absorption

28. Vitamin B12 Food Sources
Chicken liver
sirloin steak
Cottage cheese
Pork roast
Sardines
Tuna
Swiss cheese
Enriched cereal