1. TOPIC THREE
Genetic Continuity

2. Key Ideas: MAJOR GENETICS UNDERSTANDINGS
Organisms inherit their genes & characteristics from their parents.
Organisms possess DNA that codes for the synthesis of proteins and hence determines all of their characteristics.
When the code (DNA) is altered (purposefully or accidentally), proteins change and new traits and characteristics develop.
DNA RNA proteins

3. Size Relationship LARGEST TO SMALLEST: CELL NUCLEUS CHROMOSOMES DNA
GENE
Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, G)
(Some sources have Gene and DNA switched on the scale, but typically a gene is a segment of DNA)

4. A. Humans have 46 chromosomes, or 23 homologous pairs.

5. Turn and Talk

6. The diagram shows a pair of chromosomes with genes A, B and C that would each code for a different characteristic.
A1 and A2 are different alleles of the same gene. A1 might code for red hair, whilst A2 might code for brown hair.
B1 and B2 are the same genes, coding for the same characteristic, for example, freckles.
C1 and C2 are different alleles. C1 might code for straight hair and C2 for wavy hair
Genes may have different forms, for example, there are genes for blue eyes, brown eyes, green eyes and hazel eyes. The different forms of a gene are called alleles.

7. Why aren’t everyone’s traits the same? How does the DNA change?
Turn and Talk:
Each gene codes for the production of a protein that is then responsible for “doing a job” and creating the trait.
Why aren’t everyone’s traits the same? How does the DNA change?

8. Two reasons for genetic variation are:
When the genetic code is mutated, the protein is altered and the trait is changed permanently.
The expression of the trait can be altered based on exposure to various environmental conditions.

9. C. While genes determine our traits, the environment can affect expression of genes.

10. Environment Affecting Gene Expression
A gene codes for a protein and the protein does its “job”.
GENE EXPRESSION CAN BE MODIFIED BY THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN TURN GENES ON AND OFF.
Skin color
CERTAIN CANCERS
Weight
HEIGHT

11. D. Each chromosome has hundreds or thousands of genes
D. Each chromosome has hundreds or thousands of genes. Each gene codes for a particular protein
Each shaded band has many genes located within them. The red arrows indicate the locations of the genes for breast cancer

12. F. Base pairs: A matches up with T, C matches up with G (in RNA, A-U and C-G)

13. Concept Check (5 mins)- Put your pencils down when you are finished and I will bring you a laptop.
1) Are the following terms ordered from smallest to largest, or largest to smallest? CELL, NUCLEUS, CHROMOSOMES, DNA, GENE, Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, G)
2) Explain the base pairing rules in DNA strands.
3) How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell? How many pairs of chromosomes are there? Which pair determines gender?
3) What are the two reasons for genetic variation that we talked about yesterday? Create your own example for at least one of these reasons.

14. Focus: How does the central dogma of molecular biology control who we are?
Learning targets: I can differentiate between DNA and RNA, and explain the flow of genetic information. I can read and analyze a codon chart. I can synthesize my own model or story depicting protein synthesis. Essential Vocabulary: DNA, Nuclear pores, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes, transcription, translation, codon chart Tasks: Warm up (5 mins) Biomanbio protein race (online) mins, or Dexter reading Exit Ticket ( 5 mins) Extension: Relationships and biodiversity lab (part 1) Topic 3 Packet due March 8/9. It must be submitted with Cornell notes . Quiz Monday, March 5. (Immune System, homeostasis, genetics part 1). Vocab assessment Wednesday.

15. Assessment Criteria By the end of class, show me:
A completed protein synthesis race abiding by the rules of the game (see online instructions) OR
A completed Dexter reading/visual. Your must include ALL of the essential vocabulary terms in your response for a 4 as well as a description of both transcription and translation.
3- Only contains transcription or translation along with vocabulary terms.
2- Vague description and does not contain vocabulary terms

16. Nucleic Acids

17. Central Dogma DNA  RNA  Proteins
DNA codes for PROTEINS  Give us our TRAITS

19. E. DNA is made of 4 bases: ATCG. RNA is made up of AUCG
E. DNA is made of 4 bases: ATCG. RNA is made up of AUCG. A three letter codon represents a specific amino acid. Ex. CAU is histidine (HIS). These amino acids are assembled into proteins.

20. G. RNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes
G. RNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes. The ribosomes then synthesize proteins.

21. I. All cells in the body contain the same genes
I. All cells in the body contain the same genes. Only some of these genes are turned on, that is, your eye cells contain the instructions on how to make bones, but only the genes to make new eye cells are actually turned on. We do not yet know exactly why this happens.
Click on image for a video

22. J. Selective breeding produces animals and plants with desired traits (disease resistance, larger fruit, more meat or milk, specific colors).
Click on image for a video

23. K. Genetic engineering or gene splicing inserts genes of one organism into the genes of another. Enzymes are used to cut and copy the DNA segments. Bacteria are often used because they have no nucleus protecting their DNA and they reproduce very quickly, allowing large amounts of medicine (insulin) to be made.

24. a. The example of gene splicing: The gene to make human insulin was inserted into bacteria. These bacteria can now make insulin that is exactly the same as human insulin. This insulin is used by diabetics.

25. Concept Check/ Mini Quiz
1. Do all cells in the body contain the same genes? Explain your response.
2. What is genetic engineering and why is it useful?
3. Describe selective breeding and explain some the benefits and detriments of conducting this process.
Challenge question: Briefly explain the process of protein synthesis. In your response, us the terms DNA, RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, nuclear pore, codon chart, transcription, translation.

26. Suppose you have just conducted gene splicing/genetic engineering and now you want to "paste" a gene into a circular DNA plasmid. You want to check and see whether your splicing worked, or whether your plasmid has the right gene in it. What technique can you use to visualize (directly observe) the fragments of DNA?

27. Click on lab image below for animation
L. New technologies ex. (electrophoresis a tool that allows scientists to separate DNA according to size) are making it easier to diagnose and treat genetic disease, though we cannot yet cure them. Electricity is used to move the DNA!
Click on lab image below for animation

28. Gel Electrophoresis Applications
Note: Electricity is what helps the fragments move!!!

29. Virtual lab: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/