1. 10th World Studies 2.12.18 Turn in: Take out:
Nothing…
Take out:
Planner
Pen/Pencil
Today’s objective:
I can describe how the happenings of Europe begin to impact the impending War.
Today’s Agenda:
Causes of the “Great War”
“Brief” Run-down on Alliance System
Militarism
HW:
TBD: Militarism Research

2. CAUSES OF “THE GREAT WAR”
M—militarism
A—alliances
N—nationalism
I—imperialism
A—assassination
(C)—Competition

3. 1914: Turco-German Alliance
1904
1907
1887
1882
1872
1902
1894
1879
1914: Turco-German Alliance
1915: Treaty of London

4. 1872: Dreikaizerbund (Three Emperor’s League)
Who: Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (Shhh…it’s a secret!) ( & )
Why:
“Spheres of Influence” in the Balkans—Imperialism
Germany (Bismarck) trying to broker peace
Also Germany concerned about France due to F-P War
What:
No territorial changes in Balkans w/o prior agreement…
However, A-H could annex Bosnia-Herzegovina whenever they liked.
Any of the war with another nation, those in the DKB would come to aid.

5. 1879: Dual Alliance Who: Germany and A-H Empire Why:
Bismarck saw it as a way to avoid German isolation and preserve peace.
Close historical ties between the two nations would be strengthened
What:
Both countries agreed to come to the aid of the other in case of a Russian attack
Both countries agreed to neutrality in case of attack from any other nation.
Remained a key piece of political power between the two nations through the end of WWI.

6. 1882: Triple Alliance Who: Germany, A-H Empire, and Italy Why:
(again, a secret…)
Italy looking for support/protection following losing territory to France in Northern Africa (East/West goals)—Imperialism
What:
Germany & Austria-Hungary would support Italy if France attacked w/o provocation
Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France
If A-H & Russia were at war, Italy would remain neutral
When renewed…A-H/Italy needed to agree in any territorial change in the Balkans (spheres of influence again…)

7. 1887: Reinsurance Treaty Who: Germany and Russia Why:
Secret again…A-H & Russia tension from Dreikaiserbund over the Balkans
Russian influence in eastern Europe, and access to the Black Sea
(Also—See the Triple Alliance)
What:
Each would remain neutral if a 3rd great power was involved
Except if Germany attacked France
Russia attacked A-H

8. 1894: Franco-Russian Alliance
Who: France and Russia
Why:
Quite simply because Reinsurance Treaty wasn’t renewed
Germany thought political ideals would keep France and Russia apart
Bismarck wanted to avoid “2 Front War”
(Also secret…)
France wanted support against Germany, Russia against A-H
What:
France attacked by Germany or Italy, supported by Germany—Russia would mobilize K troops to fight Germany
Russia attacked by Germany or A-H, supported by Germany—France would mobilize 1.3M troops to attack Germany

9. 1902: Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Who: Britain and Japan
Why:
To protect interests in China and Korea
Prevent Russian expansion in the East
What:
Each was to assist in any threat to interests in China and Korea
Served to discourage France from supporting Russia in Russo-Japanese War
Continued through WWI—Japan fought on the side of the Allies

10. 1904: Entente Cordiale Who: Britain, Ireland, and France Why:
To ease tension between the great powers
Give the appearance of others opposing Germany
What:
Not so much a treaty, more of an agreed understanding.
Allowed Britain freedom in Egypt
Allowed France freedom in Morocco—as long as they allowed for reasonable negotiations with Spain
Britain ceded islands to France (off French Guinea), moved the border of Nigeria in favor of France, and agreed to French control of the upper Gambia valley.
France gave up some fishing rights in Newfoundland
Spheres of influence in Siam (Thailand) were agreed upon

11. 1907: Anglo-Russian Alliance
Who: Britain and Russia
Why:
To settle colonial disputes in Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet
What:
Neither country would interfere in Tibet’s internal affairs
Recognized Britain’s influence over Afghanistan.
Solidified holdings and influence in Persia

12. 1907: Triple Entente Who: Britain, France, and Russia Why:
A delayed response to the Triple Alliance
Growing unrest about Germany’s military power
Bury old tensions between rivals
What:
“Moral obligation” to support each other
No formal specifics as to support in event of war, but more of an unspoken/written understanding

13. A. Alliances
Agreement between two countries to defend each other if attacked by another country
Increased fear and suspicions
Hoped to create a balance of power in Europe
Quickly become “ENTANGLED”

15. Alliance System, before 1914
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
POW!

16. Alliance System, 1914
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Originally, the Ottoman Empire attempted to join with the Western Allies.
Russia—interested, but no.
France—didn’t want to upset Russia
Britain—not really interested
Germany—heck yes!

17. Alliance System, 1915 The Treaty of London (1915)
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
The Treaty of London (1915)
Italy hesitated to enter WWI, although allied with Germany, A-H, and in turn the Ottoman Empire.
Western Allies made the promise of territorial gains to entice them to join the Allies—in particular land in A-H and Ottoman Empire.

18. CAUSES OF “THE GREAT WAR”
M—militarism
A—alliances
N—nationalism
I—imperialism
A—assassination
(C)—Competition

19. M. Militarism (also competition…)
The tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military.
Glorification of military power.
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914 94
130
154
268
289
398
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%

20. M. Militarism (also competition…)
The tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military.
Glorification of military power.
ARMY Troops = Germany v. Russia, France
Germany 1.3m 5.0m
France 730, m
Russia 400, m

21. The Importance of Naval Supremacy
Alfred Thayer Mahan – US Naval War College
The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)
The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892)
Control of the seas = Great Success
Emphasis placed on LARGEST & most POWERFUL navy
Coupled with the importance of economic control of the seas.
Have the larger, more powerful navy—win wars
Control the commerce that travels during war time—win current and future wars…
“Force is never more operative than when it is known to exist but is not brandished.”

22. The Importance of Naval Supremacy
Alfred Thayer Mahan:
Both early works very influential in
both Germany and England
Theory of Naval Superiority:
Based on the “Two Power” standard.
Royal Navy should be the size of the next two largest navies combined.
1889—Naval Defense Act
Simply the formalization of the policy that had been in place informally since the 1850’s.
France/Russia the next two largest at the time.
The Fleet Acts
Mit einem Worte: wir wollen niemand in den Schatten stellen, aber wir verlangen auch unseren Platz an der Sonne.
1898: The First Naval Law
1900: The Second Naval Law—introduced following an international incident with the British involving the 2nd Boer War
1906/08/12: Naval Laws, all following “incidents”
"in one word: We wish to throw no one into the shade, but we demand our own place in the sun."

23. “Dreadnought” Race Jackie Fisher:
HMS Dreadnought (All big gun warship) [ ]
Admiral that reforms the navy as we know it…
Alfred von Tirpitz: Risikoflotte “risk fleet”
Created the German navy from virtually nothing…
Turned to Unterseeboots in attempt to overtake Brits.

25. Naval Strength, August 1914 Dreadnoughts 13 20 Battle Cruisers 5 8
Germany
Britain
Dreadnoughts 13 20
Battle Cruisers 5 8
Cruisers 41
102
Destroyers
144
301
Submarines 30 78

26. WWI: Basic Facts
During the Summer/Fall of 1914 France loses as many soldiers as the US lost in the entire 19th C
70,000,000 soldiers  35,000,000 DEAD
11% of France’s TOTAL population injured or killed
4 ¼ years – 230 soldiers/hour
16 Countries involved
Fighting touches Africa, Asia, Europe, Americas
But WHY?