1. Warm Up #10
What do you think of when we talk about the Declaration of Independence?

2. Scaffold understanding of the standard(s) and/or element(s)
Scaffold understanding of the standard(s) and/or element(s). Paraphrase the standard(s) and/or element(s). Rewrite the standard including synonyms or brief definitions in parentheses and in a different color following the key terms found in step 1.
SSUSH4
Analyze (examine) the ideological (philosophical), military, social, and diplomatic (political) aspects of the American Revolution.

3. Class Confession
We the Senior Class of 2019 will complete ALL of our assignments to best of our abilities and behave appropriately in class.
We will respect all faculty, staff, substitutes, classmates, and especially Mr. Wilcox.
We will graduate on time May 2019 and become productive citizens in society.

4. The Declaration of Independence
SSUSH4a
a. Investigate the intellectual sources, organization, and argument of the Declaration of Independence including the role of Thomas Jefferson and the Committee of Five. .

5. Declaration of Independence
The document’s ideas can be traced to several philosophies:
John Locke – -believed people were born with certain natural rights (life, liberty and property)
-have a “contract”
-people had the right to overthrow a government if it did not uphold its end of the contract

6. Declaration of Independence
Montesquieu
French philosopher
Wrote of three types of political power (executive, legislative, and judicial)
Separation of power and checks and balances

7. Committee of Five: June 11-July 05, 1776
Congress elected a committee of five men to draft a declaration of independence from Great Britain
Members:
*John Adams (Massachusetts)
*Robert R. Livingston (New York)
*Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania)
*Thomas Jefferson (Virginia)
*Roger Sherman (Connecticut)
Thomas Jefferson becomes known as “the Father of the Declaration of Independence”

8. Declaration of Independence
Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson in June 1776, he borrowed the ideas of Locke and Montesquieu
The document was edited several times prior to it’s presentation to the Congress
The original included a condemnation of the practice of slavery
This was removed by editors of Jefferson’s work
Benjamin Franklin and John Adams editing Thomas Jefferson’s original writing of the Declaration of Independence

9. Declaration of Independence
Made up of 5 parts:
The Preamble which explains the purpose of the document
Declaration of Natural Rights which is taken almost directly from Locke (Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness)
List of Grievances which list the colonists’ complaints against Britain
Resolution of Independence which declares that the colonies are free from
Britain
Signers declared that they, as representatives of the colonies approved the document

10. Excerpts from the Preamble to the Declaration of Independence
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

11. Declaration of Independence
The signing of the Declaration of Independence signaled the beginning of the American Revolutionary War

12. French Allegiances
b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance including the diplomacy of Benjamin Franklin and John Adams.

13. France enters the war
The French, old enemies of Britain, began to secretly send supplies to the Americans
Benjamin Franklin is sent to France in 1776 to try and persuade the French to enter the war. He stayed in France until 1785
The Americans wanted France to send troops as well, but France wanted an impressive American victory before declaring war on Britain

14. John Adams’ role during the war:
Acted as a diplomat in France during the war
Sent to Paris to secure aid for the colonists
Helped to write the Treaty of Paris (1783) which ended the Revolutionary War

15. George Washington & the Continental Army
c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader, including but not limited to the influence of Baron von Steuben, the Marquis de Lafayette, and the significance of Valley Forge in the creation of a professional military.

16. George Washington & the Continental Army
When the American Revolution began, George Washington was named commander in chief of the Continental Army.
He displayed extraordinary leadership abilities in the role.
Washington reorganized the army, secured additional equipment & supplies, & started a training program to turn inexperienced recruits into a professional military.

17. George Washington & the Continental Army
Life was hard for the common soldier in the Continental Army.
Enlistments lasted from one to three years, & the states differed in how well & how often they paid their soldiers, housed them when they were not on the march, & supplied them with food, clothing, & equipment.
These issues undermined morale, as did the army’s stern discipline, the chances of being wounded or killed, & British victories.

18. George Washington & the Continental Army
Winter of 1777–1778: Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; spent six months there.
The army’s problems with wages, housing, food, clothing, & equipment were at their worst.
Disease spread throughout the camp, increasing the suffering of the 12,000 men.
As conditions worsened, almost 4,000 soldiers were too weak or ill to fight. Nearly 2,500 troops die from exposure to the cold and food shortages
Yet that winter Washington ordered an intense training program—similar to a modern boot camp—that turned the Continental Army into a capable & self- assured infantry.

19. The Marquis de Lafayette
The early war effort goes poorly for the Americans as they lose several key battles
In the Marquis de Lafayette from France, helped to hold the remaining troops together through training and discipline
He also returned to France for a time to work with Franklin & the French king on how to win American independence.

20. Baron von Steuben
Prussian born general arrived at Valley Forge and offered to help train the Continental Army
Helped to train and drill soldiers and created confidence and discipline in throughout the colonists army

21. Battles & Geography
d. Investigate the role of geography at the Battles of Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown.

22. Battle of Trenton (Delaware River);
On Christmas night 1776, Washington led his troops to a victory that was another turning point for America & the Revolutionary War.
As a snowstorm pounded Washington & his soldiers, they crossed the Delaware River to stage a surprise attack on a fort occupied by Hessian mercenaries fighting for the British. (Trenton, NJ)
This victory proved Washington’s army could fight as well as an experienced European army.

23. Battle of Saratoga: October 1777
The Americans defeated the British at Saratoga, NY.
This American victory was a turning point in the war because it boosted American moral and brought France into the war against Britain

24. Yorktown, Virginia
In April 1781, British forces led by General Cornwallis invade Virginia
Cornwallis moves his troops to Yorktown (a peninsula) in order to gain supplies and keep a line of communication open by sea
Though moving his army to Yorktown to get easily supplied by the British navy seemed like a good decision, why might moving your army onto a peninsula be a bad idea?

25. Yorktown
Washington took the opportunity to march from NY to Yorktown with a combined American and French army
The French navy sailed up from the Caribbean to block supplies from reaching Cornwallis’ army and to cut off his ability to escape by sea

26. Yorktown
In September American and French forces surround Yorktown and begin to attack Cornwallis’ army
After almost 3 weeks of constant bombardment, the 8,000 man British army surrenders
The surrender at Yorktown signaled the end of the war for the British
What role did the French play in defeating the British?

27. Roles of Women, American Indians, and enslaved & free Blacks
e. Examine the roles of women, American Indians, and enslaved and free Blacks in supporting the war effort.

28. Women: Helped to make clothes from materials grown in the New World
Acted as nurses on the battlefields
Did not gain many political or legal rights as a result of the war, but won respect for their roles as “republican mothers”
Encouraged women to speak out on issues that affected their ability to raise their children
Sought rights to protect women from being beaten
Could not vote, own property, or make contracts

29. American Indians: Many tried to stay out of the war
Some sided with the Americans and would later punish American Indians for supporting their enemy
Some sided with Britain with the hope of protecting their lands from encroaching Americans

30. African-Americans:
Slavery seemed inconsistent with the ideals of the Declaration of Independence, yet a majority of African Americans remained enslaved
After the war, many demanded freedom using petitions and suing their owners in court
About 5,000 African Americans joined the war effort with the promise of freedom
50,000 Southern slaves joined the British forces
The war led to emancipation in the North, only increased in the South

31. f. Explain the significance of the Treaty of Paris, 1783.

32. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 Signed in September 1783, the Treaty:
Recognized the United States as a new nation, setting it’s western border at the Mississippi River
Gave Florida back to Spain, and gave the French several colonies in Africa and the Caribbean

33. Closure Activity
Explain the difference between the Treaty of Paris of and the Treaty of Paris of 1763:
Treaty of Paris 1763_______________________________
________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
Treaty of Paris 1783_______________________________

34. The End
Any Questions?
Any Concerns?
Any Comments?