2. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage.
Discuss the important characteristics of secondary storage, including media, capacity, storage devices, and access speed.
Describe hard disk platters, tracks, sectors, and head crashes.
Compare internal and external hard drives.
Discuss performance enhancements including disk caching, RAID, file compression, and file decompression.

3. Define optical storage including compact, digital versatile, and high-definition discs.
Define solid-state storage, including solid-state drives, flash memory, and USB drives.
Define cloud storage and cloud storage services.
Discuss mass storage devices, enterprise storage systems, and storage area networks.

4. Data storage has expanded from text and numeric files to include digital music files, photographic files, video files, and much more.
These new types of files require secondary storage devices with much greater capacity.
In this chapter, you learn about the many types of secondary storage devices including their capabilities and limitations.

5. Secondary storage characteristics
Primary storage
Volatile storage
Temporary storage
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Secondary storage
Nonvolatile storage
Permanent storage
Secondary storage characteristics
Media
Capacity
Storage devices
Access speed
Secondary storage permanently saves information for future use; to share information with others; to modify at later date
Secondary storage is nonvolatile – stores programs and data as opposed to temporary storage (RAM)
Characteristics include:
Media or medium – actual physical materials that holds the data and programs
Capacity – measures how much a particular storage medium can hold
Storage devices – hardware that reads data and programs from storage media (most also write to storage media)
Access speed or access time – measures the amount of time required by the storage device to retrieve data and programs
Writing– process of saving information to the secondary storage device
Reading – process of accessing information from secondary storage

6. Provides permanent or nonvolatile storage
Data and programs can be retained after the computer has been shut off
Most desktop microcomputer systems have both hard and optical disk drives
Optical disks – large storage capacity (Key Term)
Hard disk – large storage capacity and fast retrieval times

7. Store and organize files using tracks, sectors, and cylinders
Use rigid, metallic platters that are stacked one on top of one another
Store and organize files using tracks, sectors, and cylinders
Large capacity (terabytes)
Susceptible to head crash
Two types of hard disks:
Internal Hard Disk
External Hard Disks
Performance enhancements
Composed of metallic rather than plastic disks
Platters – rigid metallic, stacked one on top of another
Track-rings of concentric circles
Each track is divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors
A cylinder (Key Term) runs through each track of a stack of platters
Fast information storage and retrieval

8. Hold over 100 gigabytes (GB) of data Attributes
Lands
Pits
Three types
Compact Disc (CD)
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
Blu-Ray (Hi-Def) Disc
Use laser technology. CD (Key Term) and DVD (Key Term) are optical disk formats.
Compact, high capacity form of permanent storage (up to 50 gigabytes of data)
Optical discs are read by an optical disc drive
Laser beam writes by creating a pattern of pits (holes) and lands (flat areas) to encode data bits
Laser beams reflect off the pits and lands to read the data
Rotational speed determines how fast data can be transferred from the CD
Optical disks come in many different sizes
Most common is 4 ¾ inches
Stored in a protective case called jewel boxes

9. Solid–state drives (SSDs)
No moving parts
Faster and more durable than hard disks
Flash memory cards
Widely used in computers, cameras, and portable devices such as mobile phones and GPS navigation systems
USB Drives (or Flash Drives)
Connect to USB port
Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB
Solid state drives are faster and more durable (no moving parts) than hard drives
Require less power
Contain solid state memory instead of magnetic disk to store data
Used for tablet PCs, like the iPad
Flash memory cards are one type of solid state device.
Used in digital cameras, ipods

10. Cloud computing is where the Internet acts as a “cloud” of servers
Applications provided as a service rather than a product
Supplied by servers
Google Apps
Mint.com
The processing power of the service provider’s server is used to run the applications and your computer is responsible only for displaying the results.
The applications and data can be accessed from any Internet-ready device. This means that devices with little storage, memory, or processing power, such as mobile phones, can run the same powerful applications as a desktop computer.
Cloud servers provide storage, processing, and memory.
Software installation and upgrades are avoided.

12. Using a cloud storage service makes it easy to upload and share files with anyone.

13. Large amounts of secondary storage called mass storage
An enterprise storage system strategy ensures efficient and safe use of data across an organizational network Devices include:
File servers
Networked attached storage (NAS)
RAID systems
Tape libraries
Organizational cloud storage
Mass storage devices that support enterprise storage systems are
File servers (Key Term) – dedicated computer with very large storage capacities that provide user access to fast storage and retrieval of data
Network attached storage (NAS) – similar to a files server except less expensive
RAID systems (Key Term) – larger versions of the specialized devices discussed earlier in this chapter that enhance organizational security by constantly making backup copies of files moving across the organization’s networks
Tape library (Key Term) – device that provides automatic access to data archived on a large collection or library of tapes
Organizational cloud storage – high speed internet connection to a dedicated remote organizational cloud storage server.

15. Architecture to link remote computer storage devices, such as enterprise storage systems, to computers such that the devices are available as locally attached drives
User’s computer provides file system, but SAN provides disk space
House data in remote locations and still allow efficient and secure access

16. General employer requirements
Software engineers analyze users’ needs and create application software
General employer requirements
Bachelors degree in computer science
Extensive knowledge of computers and technology
Communication and analytical skills
Annual salary of $63,000 to $98,500

17. Future secondary storage disks will eventually store terabytes (TB) or petabytes (PB)
Your entire life captured in digital video on a single disc
Currently developing programs that can scan photos and videos for a particular person’s face
Are there downsides?
Could your personal video log be used to incriminate you in a court of law?
Could someone else’s video log be an invasion of your right to privacy?

18. Compare primary storage and secondary storage and discuss the most important characteristics of secondary storage.
Discus hard disks including density, platters, tracks, sectors, cylinders, head crashes, internal, external, and performance enhancements.
Discuss optical disks including pits, lands, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray, and hi def.
Have students turn to the end of Chapter 8 in their textbooks to view the same “Open-Ended” questions/statements

19. Discuss cloud computing and cloud storage.
Discuss solid-state storage including solid-state drives, flash memory, and USB drives.
Discuss cloud computing and cloud storage.
Describe mass storage devices including enterprise storages systems, file servers, network attached storage, RAID systems, tape libraries, organizational cloud storage, and storage area network systems.
Have students turn to the end of Chapter 8 in their textbooks to view the same “Open-Ended” questions/statements