2. أ.م.د/محمود الوصيفي تحت اشراف أد/هاله البرعي
EMOTION
أ.م.د/محمود الوصيفي
تحت اشراف أد/هاله البرعي

3. Definitions Internal physiological arousal in interaction with cognitive processes. Feedback to the brain from physiological activity gives rise to an undifferentiated state of affect, but the felt emotion is determined by the “label” the subject assigns to that aroused state.

4. Physiology of Emotions Emotional reactions are perceived by them as being one’s way of preparing to respond to some kind of physical or psychological challenge. Autonomic Nervous System has two major parts: (1) the sympathetic nervous system tends to excite or arouse. (2) the parasympathetic nervous system, tends to depress or slow down many of the bodily functions.

5. Sympathetic Nervous System sympathetic nervous system swings into action in several ways: • The pupils dilate to let in more light. • Tachycardia. • Tachypnea.

6. • Your blood sugar level is elevated
• Your blood sugar level is elevated. • Your digestion is slowed down to a crawl. • Your skin perspires to flush out the waste products created by the extra exertion and to keep you cool. • The sympathetic nervous system also controls orgasm and ejaculation during sexual excitement.

7. Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity in your parasympathetic
system does the following things:
It closes down or constricts the irises in your eyes.
2. Bradycardia.
3. Bradypnea.

8. 4. It lowers your blood sugar level. 5
4. It lowers your blood sugar level. 5. It increases salivation, stimulates the flow of digestive juices, and promotes the processes of excretion. 6. It retards sweating. 7. It induces penis erection in the male and nipple erection in the female during sexual activity.

9. Homeostatic Balance the two systems are not really antagonists or competitors. Rather, they function together smoothly in a coordinated fashion to maintain an optimum balance between over-arousal and under-arousal. The Adrenal Glands these glands produce two chemicals that are referred to as the “arousal” hormones. “epinephrine” and “norepinephrine.”

10. release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is under the control of sympathetic nervous system, whose activities are imitated by the hormones. General Adaptation Syndrome Hans Selye outlined the three states that body seems to go through when its resources must be mobilised to meet situations of excessive physiological stress.

11. Selye calls this pattern GAS and has three main stages: (i) Alarm stage body and mind are in a state of shock. Your temperature and blood pressure drop, your tissues swell with fluid, and your muscles lose their tone. You may not think clearly and ability to file things away in long-term memory may be disrupted.

12. (ii) resistance or counteraction your body begins to repair the damage it has suffered, and your mind begins to function more clearly. ACTH hormone is released by the brain, which acts on your adrenal glands, causing them to release their own hormones. raising temperature and blood pressure.

13. (iii) Exhaustion you go into shock again because your body has been over-stimulated for so long, that it is depleted of ACTH and adrenal hormones. Further exposure to stress at this time can lead to depression, psychophysiological disorders or even death.

14. Theoretical Explanation of Emotion The James-Lange Theory of Bodily Reactions:
“Feelings” are merely mental responses to the changes that have occurred in nervous system, muscles and glands.
According to this theory, we are afraid because we run; we do not run because we are afraid.

15. The Cannon-Bard Theory of Central Neural Processes: Cannon believed that emotional inputs were processed almost simultaneously by two different parts of the brain, the thalamus and the hypothalamus; the thalamus controlled emotional feelings, while the hypothalamus controlled bodily responses.

16. The Lasarus-Schachter Theory of Emotional Arousal: According to Stanley Schachter the experience of emotion is the joint effect of the physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.

17. All arousal is assumed to be general and undifferentiated and it comes first in the emotion sequence. Cognition serves to determine how this ambiguous inner state will be labeled. This theory is also known as two factor theory of emotion.

18. Other Physiological Viewpoints: Karl Lashley noted that people with damaged thalamus still experienced emotional feelings, and people with damaged hypothalamus still showed emotional responses. At about the same time, other scientists showed that both the limbic system and the right hemisphere were involved in mediating emotional feelings and behaviors.

19. Intrapsychic Aspects of Emotionality Intrapsychic psychologists believe contrary to the biological psychologists that how you perceive and feel about a situation determines your bodily reactions.

20. Cognitive Factors in Emotion According to Schachter
(1971), emotion is internal physiological arousal
in interaction with cognitive processes.
Feedback to the brain from physiological activity gives rise to an undifferentiated state of affect, but the felt emotion is determined by the “label” the subject assigns to that aroused state.

21. the subject uses information from past experiences and his perception of what is going on around him to arrive at an interpretation of his feelings.

22. Modifying Arousal by Altering Cognitions: If our state of emotional arousal is determined by our cognitive evaluation of the emotion-producing situation, then it should be possible to alter arousal level by changing one’s cognitions.

23. Types of Emotions Three basic innate emotions: fear, rage and love.
McDougall listed seven primary emotions: flight-fear, repulsion-disgust, curiosity-wonder, pugnacity-anger, self abasement-subjective, self-assertion-elation and parental care-tenderness.

24. Emotions are generally measured on the scale with two extremes on either side; it may also be referred as positive pole or negative pole. An illustration of this would be— Positive Negative Arousal Inhibition Joy Sadness Love Hate

25. We seldom experience emotions in a vacuum
We seldom experience emotions in a vacuum. Rather, emotions are tied to specific events, situations, and objects. Thus, it seldom makes much sense to talk about “love” in abstract terms. Rather, we should probably speak of “love of” something, or “the love for” something.

26. Role of Learning in Emotional Arousal Anger tends to be provoked by restraint against the carrying out of a motivated sequence of behaviour. Fear can be aroused by pain, a loud noise, or sudden loss of support in any young individual. Fear of something strange seems to be largely innate, but maturation and learning may be required as a background.

27. At about 8 months, human infants show an intense fear of strangers
At about 8 months, human infants show an intense fear of strangers. Interpretation is that maturation of perceptual abilities has enabled the child to discriminate familiar from strange adults. Emotional Expression there are some emotions, which are universally
expressed in the similar way (innate emotional expression). There are some emotional expressions, which are influenced by learning, culture and individual style.

28. Innate Emotional Expression Certain facial expressions do seem to have a universal meaning regardless of the culture in which the individual is raised, like facial expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise.

29. Role of Learning in Emotional Expression: Although certain emotional expressions may be largely innate, many modifications occur through learning. Anger, for example, may be expressed by fighting, by using abusive language, or by leaving the room. Even gender differences in expression of emotions are seen, females are supposed to suppress expression of emotions.

30. Arousal Level and Effectiveness of Performance: When emotions become intense, however, whether they are pleasant or unpleasant, they usually result in some decrement in performance. The curve represents the relation between the level of emotional arousal and the effectiveness of performance.

31. Arousal and performance

32. Performance is optimal at moderate levels of arousal
Performance is optimal at moderate levels of arousal. Observations of people during crises, such as fires or sudden floods, suggest that about 15 per cent show organised, effective behaviour. The majority, 70 per cent, shows various degrees of disorganisation but are still able to function with some effectiveness. The remaining 15 per cent are so disorganised that they are unable to function at all.

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