1. The Worlds of Christendom
Connected and Divided

2. Christianity Divided Rome = West (Odoacer invades Rome 476ce)
Schism of 1054 – Mutual excommunication -Eastern Orthodox Church / Roman Catholic Church
Byzantium / Constantinople = East
Western Roman Empire = Hybrid Civilization
West = Rural
East = Urban/Cosmopolitan

3. Eastern Christendom A continuation of the Roman Empire
No clear beginning (Constantinople founded 330ce)
Formal Division – late 4th century
Rome Falls -476ce and “barbarians” invade

4. Eastern Advantages wealthier and more urbanized
more defensible capital (Constantinople)
shorter frontier
access to the Black Sea; command of eastern Mediterranean
stronger army, navy, and merchant marine
continuation of late Roman infrastructure
conscious effort to preserve Roman ways

5. Split of the Roman Empire

6. The Byzantine State Remained powerful until 1200’s
Centralized Politically
Government bureaucracy based on Persians
Emperor ruled as “god’s representative on earth”
Important – tax collection / keeping records
caeseropapism- church and state tightly connected -emperor head of church and state

7. Orthodox Christianity
Legitimized imperial rule
Cultural identity (barbarians to the west)
Differences in Christianity West/East -priest’s celibacy -shaving -Pope as head of church
Schism of 1054 – Mutual Excommunication
Crusades begin in 1095 – worsen the situation

8. Byzantium in the World Intense interaction in Europe and Asia
Crusades – Islam pushing into Byzantine Empire -diversity of victims -economic + political motives
“Greek Fire” helped keep Byzantium standing so long

9. “Greek Fire” would even burn on top of Water

10. Conversion of Russia
Most important conversion was that of Prince Vladimir of Kiev
Orthodoxy transformed state of Rus; became central to Russian identity
Moscow finally declared itself to be the “third Rome,” assuming role of protector of Christianity after fall of Constantinople

11. Western Christendom
On the Periphery of the world -far removed from trade routes
Geography made political unification difficult
Roman Collapse in 476ce -Barbarians Invade -Rome becomes bankrupt (coliseum games, army) -lead poisoning?

12. Western Political Makeup after 476
Large-scale centralized rule vanished
Population fell by 25% - war/disease
Less land cultivated
Less Movement/ Dangerous / No Imperial Army
Decline in Literacy
From Urban to Rural -Feudalism

13. Feudalism

14. Manor

15. Preservation of Roman Culture
Many Germanic people were Romanized already -many served in the Roman army prior to the fall
Adoption of Roman law system
Attempts to recreate Roman imperial system -Charlemagne -Otto I of Saxony - Holy Roman Empire c. 800ce -Attempts failed to re-create a “Christian Empire”

16. The Wake of Roman Collapse
New Kingdoms -highly fragmented -great local variation -landowning warrior elite possessed most power
Social Hierarchies -serfdom replaces slavery -life on the manor
Stability was found in the Catholic Church

17. Catholic Church “On Top”
Became VERY rich
Conversion of most of Europe -Top-Down Conversion -considerable cultural accommodations -amulets, sacred wells, and festivals were preempted by Christianity
Investiture Conflict – Who appoints pope/bishops?

18. Change in the West 1000-1300 700-1000 – Muslim Invasions
– High Middle Ages
– Population Growth - climate warms up (30million-80million) - More movement of people
- Growth of Trade/Cities (Italy)

19. Crusades
Began in wars at God’s command, authorized by the pope, for which participants received an indulgence (release from penalty  for confessed sins) - amazingly popular; were religious wars at their core - most famous Crusades aimed to regain Jerusalem and holy places - showed Europe’s growing organizational ability

20. Crusades Map

21. Crusades Propaganda

22. Lasting Impact of the Crusades
Tens of thousands of Europeans made contact with the Islamic world - stimulated demand for Asian goods - learned how to produce sugar - Muslim/Greek scholarship entered Europe - hardened cultural barriers - deepened the Catholic/Orthodox divide - development of anti-Semitism in Europe - memory of the Crusades still affects dealings between Western civilization and Islam
Christians did not regain much land at all

23. A Comparative Perspective
Western Europe was less developed than Byzantium, China, India, or the Islamic world
Muslims regarded Europeans as barbarians
Europeans recognized their own backwardness
Europeans were happy to exchange with/borrow from more advanced civilizations to the east
European economies reconnected with the Eurasian trading system

24. Europe Borrowing from the East
Europeans welcomed scientific, philosophical, and mathematical concepts from Arabs, classical Greeks, and India - i.e. the compass, papermaking, gunpowder
Europe developed a passion for technology
by 1500, Europe had caught up with China and the Islamic world; surpassed them in some areas

25. Western European Politics
Competing States -led to war / technological developments -paved the way for capitalism -kings less powerful than the east -parliaments develop (nobles want power)

26. Reason and Faith Intellectual tension between reason and faith
Intellectual life flourished after 1000ce -University Schools, Humanism -development of “natural philosophy”(study of nature) -applied reason to law, medicine, nature -searching for greek classical texts (Aristotle)

27. Cathedral School in Europe