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Chapter 12
Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads During the Late Classical Era

2. Large Map Draw out the following trade routes on your map:
Eurasian trade routes
Indian Ocean trade
Silk Roads (land)
Mediterranean Sea trade
Trans-Saharan trade
Do the chapter 12 questions as well
Due THURSDAY, 1/2 daily grade
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3. Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network
Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements
Changed in classical era
Improvement of infrastructure (roads, bridges)  encouraged trade within & outside societies
Development of empires
Decreased risk of traveling long-distance, decreased cost of long-distance trade
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4. Hellenistic Trade Networks
Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization
Maintenance of roads, bridges
Discovery of monsoon wind patterns in Indian Ocean
Allowed ships to reach ports in east Africa and India from Mediterranean Basin
Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes
In 336 B.C., Alexander the Great became the leader of the Greek kingdom of Macedonia. By the time he died 13 years later, Alexander had built an empire that stretched from Greece all the way to India. That brief but thorough empire-building campaign changed the world: It spread Greek ideas and culture from the Eastern Mediterranean to Asia. Historians call this era the “Hellenistic period.” (The word “Hellenistic” comes from the word Hellazein, which means “to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks.”) It lasted from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. until 31 B.C., when Roman troops conquered the last of the territories that the Macedonian king had once ruled.
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5. Trade in the Hellenistic World
Bactria and India
Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls
Persia and Egypt
Grain
Mediterranean region
Wine, olive oil, jewelry, art
Development of professional merchant class in East Africa due to maritime trade
Port city of Rhapta = main commercial center, linked Mediterranean to Africa  economic organization  emergence of states
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6. The Silk Roads Named for principal commodity from China
Dependent on imperial stability
Overland trade routes from China to Roman empire
Didn’t go through Taklamakan Desert—too dangerous! Had to build around.
Sea lanes and maritime trade as well
Wide variety of commodities on the road; specialization in regions
Spices from India & SE Asia were important—many uses!
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7. The Silk Roads, 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.

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9. Organization of Long-Distance Trade
Travel along roads divided into small segments
Trade done in stages
Sea trade
Malay and Indian mariners
Persians joined Egyptian & Greek subjects of the Roman Empire in maritime trade—were the prominent groups!
Early 1st century C.E.: ~120 ships departed annually from Red Sea to India
Merchants, missionaries & travelers carried beliefs & values  spread of religions (cultural diffusion!) but also spread of disease  (caused decline in population)
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10. Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism
Merchants carried religious ideas along Silk Road
First est. in oasis towns where merchants could find food, water, shelter, lodging; towns became cosmopolitan areas for exchange of faiths/ideas
India through central Asia to east Asia
Buddhism became dominant faith of Silk Roads, about 100 B.C.E.–800 C.E.
Sea lanes in Indian Ocean played huge role in spread of both Buddhism & Hinduism in SE Asia (via merchants)
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11. The Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 B.C.E.–400 C.E.
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12. Buddhism in China
Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations (Indians, Pathians)
Didn’t originally appeal to native Chinese, but missionaries & monasteries attracted converts
Gradually spread to larger population, beginning about fifth century C.E.
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13. Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Sea lanes in Indian Ocean played huge role in spread of both Buddhism & Hinduism in SE Asia (via merchants)
First century C.E., clear Indian influence in southeast Asia
Rulers called “rajas” (kings)
Sanskrit used for written communication
Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths
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14. Christianity in the Mediterranean Basin
Early Christianity: campaign by Roman Empire to stamp out Christianity
Christians refused to follow state-approved religious ceremonies.
Considered a “menace” to society, but took advantage of Roman Empire sea lanes to spread religion
Gregory the Wonderworker: famous missionary
Popularized Christianity in 3rd century C.E., reputation of performing miracles
Christianity spread through Middle East, north Africa, Europe and eventually as far as India
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15. Christianity in Southwest Asia
Sizable Christian communities in Mesopotamia, Iran & even as far east as India
Attracted large numbers of converts, along with Jews and Zoroastrians
Influence of ascetic practices from India (diffused)
By 3rd century C.E., some even moved to the desert in Egypt or mountains of Greece to be completely away from society
After fifth century C.E., SW Asian faithfuls followed Nestorius & became Nestorians
Emphasized human nature of Jesus, spread ideas east on Silk Roads
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16. The Spread of Manichaeism
Derived from prophet Mani (216–272 C.E.), devout Zoroastrian
Viewed himself prophet for all humanity
Deeply influenced by Christianity and Buddhism
Promoted a blend of Zoroastrian, Christian & Buddhist elements as a syncretic religion that would serve the needs of everyone
Zarathustra = Persian prophet; Buddha = India; Jesus = Mediterranean
Was a Dualist: world as a site of cosmic struggle between light & darkness, good & evil
Followers to reject worldly pleasures to rise into the light
Why appealing? Provided rational explanation for good & bad in the world; also provided personal salvation
Appealed to merchants
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17. Manichaean Ethics Devout: “the elect” Laity (ordinary ppl): “hearers”
Ascetic lifestyle
Celibacy, vegetarianism
Life of prayer and fasting, ritual observances
Laity (ordinary ppl): “hearers”
Material supporters of “the elect”—provided food & gifts
Followed strict moral code
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18. Decline of Manichaeism
Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman empire
Zoroastrian opposition provoked Sasanid persecution
Was seen by Sasanids as a threat to public order (Zoroastrianism to become unified, state religion)
Mani arrested, died in captivity
Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecuted
Survived in Central Asia, attracted converts from nomadic Turkish
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19. The Spread of Epidemic Disease
Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens
Carried to areas w/ previously unexposed populations  epidemics!
Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear
Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague were most destructive  sharp population decline
Rome: ¼ population died in 2nd century C.E.; slightly later in China (~400 C.E.)
Effects: economic slowdown, move to regional self-sufficiency
Roman empire had to focus on regional economies and regional needs
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20. Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires
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21. Internal Decay of the Han State
Chinese secret society whose members’ uprising, the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–c. 204 ce), contributed to the fall of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). Led by Zhang Jue, a Daoist faith healer who had gained numerous adherents during a widespread pestilence, the rebellion was directed against the tyrannical eunuchs who dominated the emperor. The rebels wore yellow headdresses to signify their association with the “earth” element, which they believed would succeed the red “fire” element that represented Han rule. To suppress the uprising, which erupted in eastern and central China, the Han conscripted huge armies at great cost, but their efforts were hampered by inefficiency and corruption in the imperial government.
Court intrigue
Problem of land distribution
Large landholders develop private armies
Epidemics
Peasant rebellions
Yellow Turban uprising, 184 C.E.
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22. Collapse of the Han Dynasty
Generals assumed authority, reduced emperor to puppet figure
Generals also formed alliance with wealthy landowners, ruled regions controlled by armies
Han dynasty abolished, 200 C.E.
Divided into three large kingdoms
Increase in immigration of northern nomads, helped keep China disunitied
(established large kingdoms in northern China)
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23. China after the Han Dynasty, 220 C.E.
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24. Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples
Social and cultural changes to Chinese way of life taking place after collapse of Han dynasty—two major changes, in particular
Chaos: war, nomadic invasions
1) Nomadic peoples increasingly adapted to Chinese environment
Took up agriculture, built permanent settlements
Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage, education
Distinctions of native vs nomadic lessened w/generations
2) Confucian tradition’s loss of credibility
Confucianist goal: find stability during Period of the Warring States
^ seemed irrelevant after Han dynasty collapsed, turn toward Daoism and Buddhism
Shift of Daoism to religion (salvation) rather than simple philosophy of peace
Sinicization: process of adopting Chinese culture (earlier vocab word)
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25. Internal Decay in the Roman Empire
The “barracks emperors”
For half century, 235–284 C.E., twenty-six claimants to the throne
All but one killed in power struggles
Size of empire was massive; hard to regulate
Epidemics made this more difficult w/shift to self- sufficient economies
Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies
The years between 235 and 284 were known as the period of military anarchy or simply as the period of the Barracks Emperors. Ever since the Praetorian Guard (body guards of the Emperor) had murdered Caligula and set Claudius up as emperor in his place, the army found that it could control the empire and set up a new emperor when they grew tired of the old one
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26. Diocletian (r. 284–305 C.E.)
Divided empire into two administrative districts: east & west
Each district ruled by co-emperors, dual lieutenants
Tetrarchs = name given to the four leaders (both sides total)
Strengthened currency, budget reforms
Relative stability disappeared after Diocletian’s death, followed by civil war
Constantine emerged victorious by 324 C.E.
Construction of new capital city: Constantinople
Diocletian continued to rule in the east. He made Maximian his equal and co-emperor in the west. They were each called Augustus which signified that they were emperors. Subordinate to them were the two Caesars: Galerius, in the east, and Constantius in the west. An Augustus was always emperor. Sometimes the Caesars were also referred to as emperors.
This method of creating emperors and their successors bypassed the need for approval of emperors by the Senate and blocked the power of the military to elevate their popular generals to the purple.
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27. Constantinople is here
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28. Germanic Invasions
Visigoths (from Scandinavia & Russia) influenced by Roman law, Christianity
Formerly buffer states for Roman empire, discouraged from settling by R. Empire in lieu of con’t being buffer states
Empire attacked by Huns under Attila in fifth century C.E.  massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman empire
Visigoths Sacked Rome in 410 C.E., established Germanic emperor in 476 C.E.
Didn’t entirely go away
Eastern half of empire lasted (Byzantine Empire after 5th century C.E.)
Imperial authority gradually went away in western half
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29. Germanic Invasions and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire, 450–476 C.E.
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30. Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire
Major shift in Empire: Germanic + Roman influence = medieval Europe
Growth of Christianity (survived Germanic invasion)
Constantine’s vision, 312 C.E.  Edict of Milan, 313 C.E., allowing Christian practice
Constantine’s conversion to Christianity led to Christianity to be considered a legitimate religion in Roman Empire
Christianity proclaimed official religion of Roman empire by Emperor Theodosius, 380 C.E.
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31. St. Augustine (354–430 C.E.) Bishop of north African city of Hippo
Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism
Conversion to Christianity, 387 C.E.
Major theologian; teachings made Christianity an alternative to Hellenistic/”Greek like” philosophy and popular religions of that time
No leadership  conflicting doctrines in certain regions of empire
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32. The New Testament and Orthodox Christianity
Efforts to standardize Christian teachings
Search for clearly defined doctrine
Intense debates about quality, authority of early Christian writings
By late fourth century, near consensus on canonical scriptures: New Testament
Rejection of other writings would influence development of orthodox or correct teaching
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33. The Institutional Church
Church hierarchy established
Bishop of Rome and patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople
Subordinate bishops presided over dioceses
Church councils assembled
Nicaea (325 C.E.); Chalcedon (451 C.E.)
Took up issues such as Jesus’ nature
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