2. Turmoil in the Republic
Common people lose their land to large estates belonging to the Patricians
Patricians were buying up land from people who couldn’t pay taxes on it – increasing homelessness
Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help poor by introducing reforms
Wanted to reduce taxes, give more rights/opportunities to the plebeians
Tiberius and Gaius are murdered for their efforts/popularity
Military leaders create private armies – recruited from the poor – provided food, clothing, etc.
Generals started recruiting soldiers from the poor
Generals provide food, clothing, etc. for their soldiers
Soldiers are loyal to generals, not the republic

3. Julius Caesar Takes Control
Military leaders pit their armies against each other – cause civil war to break out for control of Rome
Military generals Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey Magnus combine and take power in Rome
They form the First Triumvirate – Rule by group of three
Ceasar was famous for leading legions into Gaul (Modern Day France) and conquering it – thought to be impossible
He won even more respect because he fought with his men
Crassus was a wealthy Roman and Pompey was a popular general – Caesar’s allies
All three were interested in using their power to rule Rome
These three will rule Rome together for 10 years – could be considered an oligarchy

4. Julius Caesar

5. First Triumvirate

6. Julius Takes Control (Cont.)
First Triumvirate falls apart after 10 years, however
Crassus dies in Parthia during battle against Rome’s enemies
Crassus and Caesar had been longtime allies; Crassus didn’t like Pompey
Without Crassus, there wasn’t a buffer between Pompey and Caesar
Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and popularity and led his legions against Caesar’s forces
Caesar defeated Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, Egypt
Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.

7. Caesar’s Reforms Caesar is popular due to his reforms:
Wider citizenship
Construction projects (for poor people)
Put limits on borrowing money
Started colonies where people without land could own property
Increased pay for soldiers
Group of Senators opposes Caesar; kill him on March 15, 44 B.C.
Senators feared Caesar’s popularity with the common people; they thought he would take all power from the Senate

8. Beginning of the Empire
43 B.C. - Caesar’s supporters become the Second Triumvirate
Octavian (Caesar’s nephew)
Mark Antony
Lepidus
They Originally banded together to destroy Caesar’s assassins – many Senators from the Roman Senate
Goal – Take power away from Senators again like Ceasar did

9. Second Triumvirate

10. Beginning of the Empire (Cont.)
Alliance ends in jealousy and violence
Octavian defeated/exiled Lepidus from Rome
Lepidus had connections with Senators – Octavian wouldn’t take chances
Mark Antony met and fell in love with the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra (famous lovers in History) and followed her to Egypt
Octavian accused Mark Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt
31 B.C. – Octavian defeats Mark Antony in Actium - Mark Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide
Octavian takes on title of Augustus, “exalted one,” and rules Rome – becomes emperor

11. Augustus Caesar

12. Pax Romana – Period of 200 years of peace/prosperity in Rome
The Pax Romana
Rome moves from a republic to an empire
Emperor now has the most power in Rome – power of the Senate has decreased
Senate can administer laws for Roman citizens but Emperor has ultimate power
Power lies with single ruler - emperor
Pax Romana – Period of 200 years of peace/prosperity in Rome
Pax Romana begins with Augustus’ reforms
Known as Rome’s “Golden Age”

13. A Sound Government Glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings
Augustus creates a lasting government:
Glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings
Employed plebeians to manage govt. offices, collect taxes, manage food stores, etc.
He wanted plebeians to work in government offices rather Senators/upper class – didn’t want them in charge of govt.
Sets up a civil service to administer the empire

15. Daily Life
Slavery is a significant part of Roman life
Slaves work in construction projects in cities and perform hard labor on farms
Roman Religion - worship guardian spirits, gods, and Roman emperor
Roman Emperor is believed to have descended/been ordained by Jupiter, king of the gods, to rule Rome
150 holidays and Colosseum events created to control the masses
Keep them happy/occupied
“Are you not entertained?” (Gladiator)

16. Lares Familiares – Family Guardian Spirits
Roman Region
Roman Gods
Lares Familiares – Family Guardian Spirits
Roman Emperors

18. Greek Contributions DBQ
Can work in pairs to fill out HIPPO Organizer for Greek Contributions DBQ docs
Will have twenty minutes to work in pairs to fill out HIPPO
Students will then return to their desks to start writing the rough draft of DBQ
Use the essay builder outlines (Intro, Synthesis, Body Paragraph) for reference to creating the rough draft