1. Chapter 4
Tissues and Membranes

2. Introduction Multicellular organisms are composed of
many different types of cells. Each of these
cells performs a special function. These
millions of cells are grouped according to
their similarity in shape, size, structure,
intercellular materials and function. Cells so
grouped are called tissues.

3. Tissues Tissues are groups of cells Tissue types Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

4. Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelia
Squamous epithelial cells
Cuboidal epithelial cells
Columnar epithelial cells
Endocrine gland cells
Exocrine gland cells

5. Epithelial Tissue Functions
Covering and lining tissue
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Glandular or secretory tissue
Endocrine
Exocrine

8. Connective Tissue Classification of connective tissue Adipose tissue
Areolar (loose) tissue
Dense fibrous tissue
Supportive tissue
Vascular (liquid blood tissue)

9. Connective Tissue Functions
Adipose tissue
Stores lipid
Acts as filler tissue
Cushions, supports, and insulates the body

10. Adipose Tissue

11. Areolar Tissue Areolar (loose) tissue
Surrounds various organs and supports both nerve
cells and blood vessels which transport nutrient
materials (to cells) and waste (away from cells)
Fibers embedded in areolar tissue include
Elastin tissue
Collagen

13. Connective Tissue Functions
Dense fibrous tissue
Types include:
Ligaments
Tendons
Aponeuroses
Fasciae

15. Supportive Tissue Supportive tissue Osseous (bone) tissue Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

17. Connective Tissue Functions
Vascular (liquid blood tissue)
Blood
Lymph

18. Muscle Tissue Cardiac Skeletal (striated voluntary)
Smooth (non-striated involuntary)

19. Nervous Tissue
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
Irritability
Conductivity

20. Membranes Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane
Membrane classification
Epithelial membranes
Connective membranes

21. Epithelial Membranes Mucous membranes
Respiratory mucosa
Gastric mucosa
Intestinal mucosa
Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)
Pleural membrane
Pericardial membrane
Peritoneal membrane

23. Connective Membranes Synovial membrane Lines joint cavities
Secrete synovial fluid which prevents friction inside the joint cavity

24. Organs
An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function
Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism
Organ system
Group of organs that act together to perform a specific, related function

25. Organ Systems Skeletal Muscular Digestive Respiratory Circulatory
Endocrine
Lymphatic
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Integumentary

27. Tissue Repair Primary repair Secondary repair
Takes place in “clean” wounds
Repair over a large skin area usually results in a typical
scab to help in wound healing
Repair of deep tissues the edges of the wound must be
brought or sewn together with sutures
Secondary repair
Repair of large open wounds with small or large tissue
loss occurs through a process called granulation
Granulation - forms new blood vessels surrounded by
young connective tissue and wandering cells of different
types; fibroblasts will produce new collagenous fibers;
bactericidal fluid is secreted to help reduce risk of infection