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Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 3

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Presentation on theme: "Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 3"— Presentation transcript:

1 Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 3
Tissues Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 3

2 Tissue A group of cells that is similar in structure and function.
A group of similar cells working to do the same job.

3 Histology The study of tissues

4 4 Primary Types of Tissue
Epithelium covering Connective support Muscular movement Nervous control

5 Tissues and Organs Organs are made of tissues.
Arrangement of the different tissues determines the structure and function of the organ.

6 Epithelial Tissue Main functions
Lining Covering Glandular Forms boundaries that separate the body from the outside Thus, any substance given off or received by the body must pass through epithelium

7 Functions of Epithelium
Protection Skin protects the internal body from Biological damage infection Chemical damage poison And more…

8 Functions of Epithelium
Absorption Example: lining of small intestine absorbs nutrients from food. Your small intestine can absorb almost as much as me!

9 Functions of Epithelium
Filtration Epithelium in the kidneys filters out toxins from the bloodstream.

10 Functions of Epithelium
Secretion Glands produce products called secretions Sweat Oil Digestive enzymes Mucus Hormones

11 Special Characteristics of Epithelium
Cells fit closely together Form continuous sheets Cells bound at many points by junctions Desmosomes Tight junctions

12 Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium
Always one free/unattached/exposed surface Top (apical) surface is exposed to Exterior Cavity (internal space) of an internal organ For example – the inside of the stomach

13 Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium
Lower surface of epithelium always rests on a basement membrane

14 Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium
Epithelial tissues have NO blood supply of their own. Avascular Rely on diffusion from capillaries in underlying tissue.

15 Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium
Epithelial tissues can regenerate themselves easily

16 Classification of Epithelium
Classification according to number of cell layers Simple epithelium Composed of 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium Composed of more than 1 layer of cells

17 Classification of Epithelium
Classification according to shape of cells Squamous flat Cuboidal Like dice Columnar Like columns

18

19 Simple Epithelia Used in Generally thin
Absorption Secretion Filtration Generally thin Found in places where diffusion,etc. occur Air sacs of lungs Capillaries NOT good at protection

20 Other Simple Epithelium Membranes
Serous membranes Slick membranes that line the body cavity and cover internal organs Mucous membranes Line body cavities that open to the exterior Example nasal passages stomach

21 Stratified Epithelium
More durable Protection Found in places that get abuse/friction Skin Mouth Esophagus

22 Glandular Epithelia Cells produce secretions Two types of glands
Endocrine Secrete hormones Exocrine Have ducts and secrete onto a surface Like sweat

23 Connective Tissue Connects body parts Found everywhere Most abundant
Most widespread

24 Connective Tissue Functions
Protection Support Binding

25 Vascularization (blood vessels) of Connective Tissue
Most connective tissue is well vascularized, but NOT all are well vascularized. Connective tissue that is not vascularized Tendons Ligaments Cartilage Broken bones heal quicker than torn ligaments due to greater vascularization of bones

26 Connective Tissue Structure
Cells stuck in a nonliving extracellular matrix Like raisins stuck in raisin bread. Matrix provides hardness (in tissues that are hard)

27 Formation of Extracelluar Matrix
Produced by cells Secreted to the outside of the cells Matrix has two main parts Ground substance Made mostly of water and chemicals that give it firmness Fluid to rock-like Fibers

28

29 Fibers of the Extracellular Matrix
Collagen Elastic Reticular

30 Collagen Fibers White fibers High tensile strength
Won’t break when stretched

31 Elastic fibers Yellow fibers Can stretch and recoil

32 Reticular Fibers Fine collagen fibers
Form “skeleton” of soft organs such as spleen

33 Major Types of Connective Tissue (from most rigid to softest)
Bone Cartilage Dense Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Blood

34 Bone Osseous tissue Hardness given by calcium salts Functions
Prefix “Osteo-” = bone Hardness given by calcium salts Though bone is hard, it also has amazing flexibility provided by organic components Functions Support Protection Movement With muscles

35 Cartilage Less hard and more flexible than bone
Found in only a few places 3 types Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

36 Hyaline Cartilage Most widespread type of cartilage Found in Larynx
Ribs to sternum Ends of long bones Fetal skeleton

37 Fibrocartilage Found in discs separating the vertebrae
Very dense with thick collagen fibers throughout

38 Elastic Cartilage Found in the external ear.
Looks similar to hyaline cartilage, but has elastic fibers in matrix

39 Dense Connective Tissue
Dense with collagen fibers Resists tension Forms Tendons Attach muscle to bone Ligaments Attach bone to bone Also found in the dermis

40 Loose Connective Tissue
Soft Two main types (really 3 but…) Aereolar Adipose

41 Areolar Tissue The most widely distributed of all connective tissues
Cushions/protects body organs Appears as lots of empty space Water reservoir Aereolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in inflamed areas edema

42 Adipose Tissue Fat Functions Insulation Protect organs
Protect eyeballs Fuel storage

43 Blood Extracellular matrix = plasma
Function = transport of nutrients, etc. VERY loosely bound connective tissue

44 Muscle Tissue Highly specialized to contract / shorten 3 main types
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

45 Skeletal Muscle Attached to bones Causes gross (large) body movement
VOLUNTARY Striated Striped appearance in microscope

46 Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart INVOLUNTARY
Striations (like skeletal) but other differences Shorter cells Fit very tightly together

47 Smooth Muscle No striations Walls of hollow organs like: Peristalsis
Stomach Esophagus Intestines Peristalsis Wave-like motions that push food along digestive tract

48

49 Nervous Tissue Cell type Receive and conduct electrochemical impulses
Control

50 Tissue Repair Two types Regeneration Fibrosis

51 Regeneration Replacement of damaged tissue by same kinds of cells
This image shows regeneration in a zebra fish heart Human hearts won’t do this…

52 Fibrosis Replacement of damaged tissue by scar tissue
Deep cuts in skin are replaced by scar tissue Usually of inferior quality to original tissue Not UV resistant, etc.

53 Healing Clean cuts heal best
Epithelial tissue and bone regenerate very successfully Skeletal muscle regenerates poorly Nervous tissue does not regenerate

54 Developmental Aspects of Tissues
Zygote Cell division Blastula Hollow ball 2, 4, 8 cells etc. Gastrula Rearrangement of embryonic tissues Ball of cells turns “inside-out” Embryonic tissue layers determined

55

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