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PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Chapter 5 Tissues Four major tissue types Epithelial Connective Muscle
Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues Functions: Protections (skin)
Absorption (stomach & intestines) Excretion - Filters (kidney) Secretion (glands)
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Epithelial Tissues General Characteristics:
Cells tightly packed and attached to each other Covers organs and the body Lines body cavities Lines hollow organs Always have one free surface open to outside the body or inside an internal organ
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Epithelial Tissues General characteristics –
Always have a basement membrane (fixed sections) attached to underlying connective tissue. Avascular - No blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue below. Can be innervated by many nerves. Cells readily divide thus good at regeneration
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Epithelial Tissues Classified according to: cell shape
Squamous – flat and scale-like Cuboidal – tall as they are wide Columnar – tall, column-shaped number of cell layers Simple – single layer of cells Stratified – stacked layers of cells
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Epithelial Tissues Simple squamous – Simple cuboidal –
single layer of flat cells substances pass easily through line air sacs line blood vessels line lymphatic vessels Simple cuboidal – single layer of cube-shaped cells line kidney tubules cover ovaries line ducts of some glands
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Epithelial Tissues Simple columnar – Pseudostratified columnar –
single layer of elongated cells nuclei usually near the basement membrane at same level sometimes possess cilia sometimes possess microvilli often have goblet cells line uterus, stomach, intestines Pseudostratified columnar – single layer of elongated cells nuclei at two or more levels appear striated often have cilia often have goblet cells line respiratory passageways
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Epithelial Tissues Stratified squamous – Stratified cuboidal –
many cell layers top cells are flat can accumulate keratin outer layer of skin line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal Stratified cuboidal – 2-3 layers cube-shaped cells line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
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Epithelial Tissues Transitional – Stratified columnar –
many cell layers cube-shaped and elongated cells line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra Stratified columnar – top layer of elongated cells cube-shaped cells in deeper layers line part of male urethra and part of pharynx
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Glandular Epithelium Endocrine glands are ductless
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances – 2 types Endocrine glands are ductless Exocrine glands have ducts Classified by structure Simple vs compound Tubular, branched, coiled, or alveolar Classified by type of secretion Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
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Structural Types of Exocrine Glands
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Types of Glandular Secretions
Merocrine glands fluid product salivary glands pancreas sweat glands Apocrine glands cellular product portions of cells mammary glands ceruminous glands Holocrine glands secretory products whole cells sebaceous glands
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Types of Epithelial Membranes
Mucous line tubes and organs that open to outside world lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc. secrete mucus Serous line body cavities that do not open to the outside reduce friction inner lining of thorax and abdomen cover organs of thorax and abdomen secrete serous fluid Cutaneous covers body skin Synovial composed entirely of connective tissue lines joints
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Abnormal Epithelium
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Abnormal Epithelium
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Connective Tissues bind structures provide support and protection
Most abundant tissue type Functions bind structures provide support and protection serve as frameworks fill spaces store fat produce blood cells protect against infections help repair tissue damage
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Connective Tissues Have varying degrees of vascularity
3 Elements of Connective Tissue Ground substance called matrix – gel around cells and fibers Fibers – provide strength, elasticity and support Cells – that usually divide Have varying degrees of vascularity
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Connective Tissue Major Cell Types
Fixed Cells Wandering Cells Fibroblasts most common cell large, star-shaped produce fibers Mast cells release heparin release histamine Macrophages phagocytic important in injury or infection
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Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagenous fibers thick composed of collagen great strength abundant in dense CT hold structures together tendons, ligaments Reticular fibers very thin collagenous fibers highly branched form supportive networks Elastic fibers bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin fibers branch elastic vocal cords, air passages
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Connective Tissues Connective tissue proper loose connective tissue
adipose tissue reticular connective tissue dense connective tissue elastic connective tissue Specialized connective tissue cartilage bone blood
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Connective Tissues Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue
mainly fibroblasts collagenous fibers elastic fibers fluid to gel-like matrix bind skin to structures beneath most epithelia blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells between muscles Adipose tissue adipocytes cushions insulates store fats beneath skin behind eyeballs around kidneys and heart
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Connective Tissues Dense connective tissue Reticular connective tissue
packed collagenous fibers elastic fibers few fibroblasts bind body parts together tendons, ligaments, dermis poor blood supply Reticular connective tissue composed of reticular fibers supports internal organ walls walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
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Connective Tissues Elastic connective tissue Bone (Osseous Tissue)
abundant in elastic fibers some collagenous fibers fibroblasts attachments between bones walls of large arteries, airways, heart Bone (Osseous Tissue) solid matrix supports protects forms blood cells attachment for muscles skeleton osteocytes in lacunae
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Connective Tissues Cartilage rigid matrix chondrocytes in lacunae
1.Hyaline cartilage most abundant ends of bones nose, respiratory passages embryonic skeleton Cartilage rigid matrix chondrocytes in lacunae poor blood supply three types 2. Elastic cartilage flexible external ear and larynx 3. Fibrocartilage very tough shock absorber intervertebral discs pads of knee and pelvic girdle
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Connective Tissues Three types of cartilage Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage
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Connective Tissues Blood fluid matrix called plasma red blood cells
white blood cells platelets transports defends involved in clotting throughout body in blood vessels heart
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Clinical Application The Extracellular Matrix: The Body’s Glue
Liver Fibrosis (Cirrohosis) collagen deposit increases ECM exceeds normal 3% value and may block blood flow Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis imbalances of collagen production and degradation ECM buildup may block blood flow in the arteries and the heart Tissue Regeneration
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Clinical Application Collagen Disorders Chondrodysplasia
collagen chains too wide stunted growth deformed joints Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa breakdown of collagen that attaches skin layers stretchy skin lax joints Hereditary osteoarthritis change in amino acid in collagen painful joints Lupus autoimmune disease destruction of collagen
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Muscle Tissues Skeletal muscle General characteristics Smooth muscle
attached to bones striated voluntary General characteristics muscle cells called muscle fibers contractile three types skeletal smooth cardiac Smooth muscle walls of organs skin walls of blood vessels involuntary not striated Cardiac muscle heart wall involuntary striated intercalated discs
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Muscle Tissues Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
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Muscle Disorders Muscular Dystrophy: muscle fibers destroyed and replaced with connective tissue Fibromyalgia: chronic non-inflammatory pain in muscles and connective tissues Irritable Bowel syndrome: smooth muscle disorder causing alternating bouts with constipation and diarrhea
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Nervous Tissues neuroglial cells support
and bind nervous tissue components found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves basic cells are neurons sensory reception conduction of nerve impulses
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Abnormal Nervous Tissue
Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing memory loss and problems with thinking and behavior Tay Sach’s is another disease that affects nervous tissue
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Clinical Application Classification of Cancers:
Carcinoma–originates in epithelial tissue (i.e., tissue that lines organs and tubes) Leukemia–originates in tissues that form blood cells Sarcoma–originates in connective or supportive tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage, muscle)
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