1. Causes of the Rebellions
3. Liberalism
A) What is it? The idea that people should be able to express themselves freely.
B) Characteristics: individual freedom, freedom of expression, participation in politics
C) THE PATRIOTES AND LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU are examples of LIBERALISM

2. The Rebellions
1. At first Papineau does not want to resort to violence.
He and members of the Patriotes hold public demonstrations and protests. They speak out in public (Liberalism).

3. Etienne Parent
“While we do want reform, we have never intended to achieve it through brute force, but only through peaceful, legal and constitutional means”

4. The Durham Report
1. After the Rebellions, the British appointed Lord Durham as Governor General of Lower Canada.
2. His job was to investigate the causes of the Rebellions.

5. The Durham Report
3. In 1838 he made his final report; it was called the Durham Report
4. His report said that the Rebellions occurred because the colony’s economy was slow, and because of the “backwardness” of the French speaking population.

6. The Durham Report
5. He thought that the Constitutional Act was contradictory because the Legislative Assembly did not actually allow its members to govern.
6. He said the British government should give more power to the colony, by giving them ministerial responsibility.

7. The Durham Report
7. He also said that political problems were made worse in Lower Canada because of ethnic conflicts.
8. He suggested that the solution to this was the unification of Upper and Lower Canada.

8. The Durham Report Question:
Why would Lord Durham have suggested uniting Upper and Lower Canada?

9. Durham Report Quotes
“The French Canadiens are a people with no history and no literature.”

10. Durham Report Quotes
“ I found two nations warring in the bosom of a single state.”

11. Durham Report Quotes
“The superior political and practical intelligence of the English cannot be, for a moment disputed.”

12. Durham Report What do you think the British thought about this report?
(Remember Durham suggested uniting Upper and Lower Canada, and giving the colony ministerial responsibility.)

13. The Act of Union
1. In 1840 the Act of Union created the United Province of Canada.
This consisted of Canada East and Canada West.
2. The British rejected the idea of responsible government.

14. The last map change for the British Regime
Constitutional Act (1791)
Act of Union (1840)

15. The Act of Union
3. Canada East and Canada West both had the same amount of political representation.
4. Because the population of Canada East was larger, French Canadiens were not equally represented.

16. Responsible Government
1. In 1848 United Canada is granted responsible government.
2. THIS IS A VERY BIG DEAL!
They have been asking for this for a VERY long time.