1. Brought to you by Mr. Crossen
Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order
Brought to you by Mr. Crossen
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2. A New Imperialism New European wealth and power New European needs
New technologies
Industrial armies
Population growth
New Nationalism
New European needs
Access to raw materials
Secure foreign markets
Questions:
Who would turn down the opportunity?
Isn’t it just a natural evolution of imperialism in the previous unit?
New technologies: Improved weapons, railroads, telegraph, steamships…
Answer: The Ming…
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3. The Dutch Model Establish a small base (e.g. Batavia)
Be content to start off as vassals and pay tribute to local rulers.
Concentrate on building your trade empire
Intervene in regional conflicts
Use these conflicts to demand territorial concenssions
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4. The Dutch East Indies Some perspective…
The Dutch started just here in 1619, but controlled all of Java by 1750.
By the 20th century, they controlled all the green.
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5. British India
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6. Britain Consolidates Power in India
British East India Company an agent of the crown
Intervenes in local conflicts, first as pawns…
Employs Indian troops (Sepoys)
Inland expansion spurred by rivalry with the French
Battle of Plassey
3,000 British and Sepoys defeat 50,000 Indians led by the nawab of Bengal
Use intrigue to exploit Indian rivalries—not just a heroic stand.
Victory lays foundation for British Raj in India
Rajput use British to defeat rivals and defend their thrones, but the British evolve.
See map on p. 544.
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7. Expansion of Power British expand from their three coastal strongholds
Madras
Bombay
Calcutta
Conquer neighboring kingdoms
Allow many defeated princes to remain on the throne as agents of the East India Company
Raise larger Sepoy armies (Why did so many Indians fight for the British?)
Grudges prevent uniting against Britain
What kind of grudges?
Where else have we seen this?
Indian kingdoms had been fighting each other for decades in the waning years of the Mughal Empire.
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8. Sepoys Higher, more regular pay, bright uniforms, better weapons
Benefits of being on the stronger side
Outnumber British soldiers in India 5:1
Used against China, Afghans, and to conquer Burma, Malaya, and South and East Africa
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9. So How Was India Britain’s Crown Jewel?
Major supply of soldiers to defend and expand the empire
Major British investment opportunities
Major market for manufactured goods
Major source of important raw materials
Ask what investment opportunities and raw materials.
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10. Early Social Interaction in India and Java
Limited to no interference in early colonial stage
Europeans simply add themselves as a new class to preexisting systems
Compare to previous invaders of India
Local leadership still used for administration
Europeans adapt more, at first
Clothing
Food
Housing
Work Habits
Political symbols
Women
No religious proselytization—no desire to offend Hindus or Muslims
Mission of the British East India Company…
Text talks about Dutch initial building in Batavia—A mini-Amsterdam with canals and tightly packed homes… Canals breed insects and microbes… Tightly packed homes don’t have ventilation…
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11. Corruption After 1770s, things start to change.
Many company men cheat and steal, exploit natives
These nabobs contribute to famine in Bengal
British government demands tighter controls and regulations
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12. Social Reforms After 1790s, new limits on Indians
British perspective of locals changes
Lord Cornwallis orders reduced powers to local British administrators
Fewer Indians participate in administration and have less influence
Role of the Great Awakening and Enlightenment
Evangelicals wish to end slave trade and alter Indian society
Utilitarians push British institutions and mores
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13. Evangelicals and intellectuals scorn Indian “superstition”
decry social abuses
think education and English language is the key
(for the elite, that is)
Irony of Westernizing the elite…
By the 1830s they ban the Sati
Ram Mohun Roy instrumental in abolishing the Sati.
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14. Economic Rivalries in the Industrial World
Belgium and France; Germany and the U.S. especially
Colonies a symbol of great power
“Overproduction crises” make colonies more important.
Unemployment at home: colonies= “safety-valves.”
Governments more involved b/c of telegraphs & rail.
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15. And here’s the rub…
Most European governments gave voice to the masses.
Need to respond to popular opinions
Role of the Great Awakenings
Role of cultural arrogance
Role of National rivalries (pride and historical grudges)
The opinions of those far away from the people and places at stake matter…
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16. Establishing Empire
Industrialization made making empire possible and (according to mindsets) essential.
European mining and chemistry made war uneven.
Sea power… Suez Canal…
Naval armaments capable of firing a mile away…
Germs, Steal, GUNS…
“Nobody can resist them. They go where they choose Under heaven, everything is feasible to them…”
Much resistance (but resistance is…)
Guerrilla resistance in Vietnam (eventually defeated… for awhiile)
Islandhlwana in Africa. (Compare to the Little Big Horn)
Straightforward, organized resistance failed.
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17. Two Colony Types
Tropical Dependencies in Africa, Asia, & the South Pacific
Majority of natives, much fewer Europeans
Need to exploit opportunities
Dividing peoples into “Tribes” (suggesting primitiveness)
Favored minorities placed in charge (future problems)
Settlement Colonies…
In White Dominions, Natives died and European blood ruled.
But not everyone died…
Algeria, Kenya, Rhodesia, New Zealand, South Africa, Hawaii… Clashes over land rights, control of resources, social status, cultural differences… Forerunners to Apartheid….
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18. Education In most places, favored minorities…
Often those converted to Christianity: civil service, local police
Usually from elite groups.
These folk gain administrative experience and assume Western ideas….
But they’ve an opaque glass ceiling, and if these are persons accustomed to being on top…
Hint: they will lead colonial resistance, and use Western ethics as a foundation
But in Africa, education left to missionaries.
Education not a state concern; less promoted
College graduates few and far between.
No middle-class growth in Africa---what do you think this means?
Better question: why do Europeans treat Africa differently than Asia?
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19. Add the Women… Once women come to the colonies, things change.
Closes social circle—men not free to mingle
Brothels less accepted
Mixed marriages no longer kosher
Going out on a limb here, but adding women increases intolerance of native mores…
Men respond to new conditions by restriction natives
Fear of racial mixing via THEIR women.
Need to make women feel “safe.”
Rise of White racial supremacy…
Not an issue as much before women came…
But always part of the imperialistic model.
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20. The White Man’s Burden
Assumption that European mindsets and morals were superior to non-Europeans’.
Duty of Europeans to “revise” native models.
Psychology: perhaps an attempt to justify atrocities and injustices
Ask yourself: When WWI breaks out, what becomes of the White man’s insistence that he is so much more civilized? What do the Sepoys see?
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21. Pure Exploitation
Despite European efforts to make their colonies into marketplaces for their goods
“Overseers” supervised workers little better off than slaves
Governments doubled their efforts to cloak what was really happening.
Finished goods were, in the end, intended for Westerners.
In the end, the White Man’s Burden turned out to be what was good for white men.
And those educated elites…
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22. Settler Colonies Not just for exploitation…
Conflict because of large numbers of both groups
Boers in South Africa.
Expansion
Slavery
British conquest
Abolition of slavery
Marginalization of Boers
Resistance
Consequences of the Boer War…
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23. Pacific Colonies (and Tragedies)
New Zealand
Hawaii
Why are their stories different?
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