1. Interactive Notebook Setup
1/31/2017
Spanish Colonial Labor
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2. Interactive Notebook Setup
2/5/2018
New World Colonies
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3. Portuguese Colonies
Spanish Colonies
British North America

7. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 Treaty split the world in half for Portugal and Spain

8. European Empires

9. Social Order of Portuguese/Spanish Colonies

10. Portuguese Colonies (16th-19th Century)
The highest social class was the peninsulares
Peninsulares=Iberians settled in New World
The peninsulares held viceroy and bureaucratic positions

11. Peninsulares

12. Portuguese Colonies The second highest social class was the creoles
Creoles=descendants of Europeans born in the New World
The creoles were the landowners and business owners of the New World
There was often great tension between the peninsulares and the creoles

13. Portuguese Colonies
Considerable amount of racial mixing also took place in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Brazil
Ex: By 1790 = 93% of the population of Haiti was either partially or wholly of African descent
Ex: Mulattoes = became a major group in Brazil
Product of Portuguese- African unions

14. Spanish, British, French, and Dutch
Portuguese Colonies
Location
Controlled By
Brazil
Portugal
Caribbean
Spanish, British, French, and Dutch
Sugar introduced and grown as a cash crop
Uses for sugar in Europe:
A Medicine
A Spice
A Sweetener
A Preservative
In sculptured forms as a decoration  indicated high status and wealth

15. Portuguese Colonies
Involved growing the sugarcane AND processing it into usable sugar
Very labor-intensive
Most profitable if done on a large-scale
Massive use of slave labor  imported Africans
Native population had been wiped out

16. Portuguese Colonies Worked under horrendous conditions
These conditions + diseases = very high death rate for enslaved peoples
About 5-10% of slave population died per year
Required the continuous importation of fresh slaves from Africa

17. Spanish Colonies(16th-19th Century)
Economic foundations for these colonial societies:
Commercial agriculture on large rural estates
Silver and gold mining
Both used natives used as forced labor

18. Spanish Colonies The population was split into two primary groups
República de Espanoles
Penisulares, Creoles, Mestizos
República de Indios
Indigenous population

19. Spanish Colonies
The separation was initially made to protect indigenous people from being enslaved by the Spanish
Ruled by their own elites
RDI Enjoyed their own separate system of courts and laws

20. Spanish Colonies
Used multiple methods to get free labor for the colonial government:
Adapted the mit’a system
Labor draft called repartimiento
Most importantly for SILVER mines

23. Spanish Colonies Mestizos=children of Europeans and Native peoples
Largely Hispanic in culture
Many looked down upon by “pure” Spaniards
Worked as artisans, clerks, supervisors of workers, and lower-level officials in church and government organizations

27. British North America (17th-18th Century)
Plantations existed in the southern colonies
Major crops were tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo
Painting of a Tobacco Plantation
in Colonial Virginia

28. British North America
Agricultural economies run by small-scale independent farmers working their own land
No slaves needed; though sometimes present occasionally in the households of the wealthy

29. British North America Somewhat less harsh than in the sugar colonies
Slave population was able to sustain itself and reproduce
No need to constantly import fresh slaves, like in the sugar colonies
By the time of the Civil War = almost all North American slaves had been born in the Americas

30. British North America Racial mixing was uncommon
European women had migrated to North America along with men, unlike in Central and South America
Lead to an evolution of sharply defined racial system
Offspring of mixed-race unions = viewed as illegitimate
Any African ancestry made a person “black,” not some other mixed-race category

31. Colonial Pilgrims on Thanksgiving
British North America
Controlled mainly by the British
British settlers sought to escape aspects of the old European society
Didn’t blend with indigenous peoples, not to recreate it like the Portuguese and Spanish
Wanted religious freedom
Wanted opportunities for wealth
Called settler colonialism
Colonial Pilgrims on Thanksgiving

32. British North America Established traditions of local self-government
In Britain = King and parliament involved in a long power struggle
So they paid little attention to the internal affairs of the colonies
Colonies set up their own assemblies

33. European Incentives for Colonization
The main purpose of colonies were to enrich the mother countries
Colonies were created to:
Create raw materials
Find and produce precious materials
Create new trading opportunities for the mother country

34. MERCANTILSM DEFINITIONS
A trade theory which holds that a government can improve the economic well-being of the country by encouraging exports and restricting imports to accumulate wealth in the form of precious metals
National policy of accumulating wealth, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.
The setting of trade policies and other restrictions that favored the flow of wealth - especially gold and silver - from the colonies to the mother country

36. Biggest goal of the colonies is the production of Raw Materials
Statement # 1
Biggest goal of the colonies is the production of Raw Materials

37. Statement # 2
Individuals are free to produce whatever they want and sell to whomever they want

38. Individuals are free to buy products from any country
Statement # 3
Individuals are free to buy products from any country

39. Discourages Colonies from producing manufactured goods
Statement # 4
Discourages Colonies from producing manufactured goods

40. Creating a favorable balance of trade is important, but not essential
Statement # 5
Creating a favorable balance of trade is important, but not essential

41. Statement # 6
Government doesn't control the economy but does regulate to make sure everyone participates fairly

42. Statement # 7
Goal is for the mother country to stockpile gold, silver, and raw materials