1. Body Structure, Color, and Oncology
Chapter 2
Body Structure, Color, and Oncology
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2. Chapter 2
Lesson 2.1
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2-2

3. Objectives Identify anatomic structures of the human body.
Define and spell word parts related to body structure, color, and oncology.
Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder oncology terms.
Define, pronounce, and spell body structure terms
Using the objectives, inform the students of what they are expected to learn in Lesson 2.1
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Organization of the Human Body
cell: basic unit of all life
tissue: similar cells that perform a specific task
organ: two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions
system: a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions
Name the components of each unit of organization.
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5. Body Cells
The human body is composed of trillions of cells of various sizes and shapes.
cell membrane: boundary of a cell
cytoplasm: substance outside nucleus of a cell
nucleus: central structure containing chromosomes
What is the basic unit of all living things?
What is the largest structure within a cell?
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6. Body Cells (cont’d.)
Genes are located inside chromosomes, which are located in the cell nucleus
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7. Types of Tissues muscle tissue: produces movement
nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and from the brain
connective tissue: connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures
epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining of the blood vessels
What is a group of similar cells that performs a specific task called?
What is the special ability of muscle tissue?
What are two examples of connective tissue?
What does epithelial tissue form?
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8. Organization of the Human Body
chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for mature sex cell, which has 23
genes: regions within the chromosome (determine hereditary characteristics)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell
Why do mature sex cells have only 23 chromosomes?
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9. Body Cavities cranial cavity: brain spinal cavity: spinal cord
thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi
abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters
pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of large intestine, rectum
What is the space inside the skull called?
What is another term for the “thoracic cavity”?
What two cavities combine to form the abdominopelvic cavity?
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10. Body Cavities (cont’d.)
Which cavities make up the ventral cavity?
Which cavities form the dorsal cavity?
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11. Combining Forms of Body Structure
aden/o
cyt/o
epitheli/o
fibr/o
hist/o
kary/o
lip/o
my/o
neur/o
organ/o
sarc/o
system/o
viscer/o
Review the meaning and use of combining forms.
Present the meaning and use of the combining forms on this list and give examples of how they may be used.
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12. Organization of the Human Body (cont’d.)
What are the four combining forms indicated in the slide?
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13. Types of Tissues (cont’d.)
List the combining forms for the four types of body tissue.
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14. Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms
cancer/o, carcin/o
eti/o
gno/o
iatr/o
lei/o
onc/o
path/o
rhabd/o
somat/o
Which term means “physician” or “medicine”?
Which term means “tumor” or “mass”?
Which term means “disease”?
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15. Combining Forms for Colors
chlor/o
chrom/o
cyan/o
erythr/o
leuk/o
melan/o
xanth/o
Which term means “color”?
Which term means “blue”?
Which term means “black”?
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16. Prefixes dia- dys- hyper- hypo- meta- neo- pro-
Review the meaning and use of prefixes.
Present the meaning of the prefixes on this list and give examples of how they may be used.
Which term means “painful”?
Which term means “excessive”?
Which term means “deficient”?
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17. Suffixes -al, -ic, -ous -oma -cyte -osis -gen -pathy -genesis -plasia
-genic
-logist
-logy
-oid
-oma
-osis
-pathy
-plasia
-plasm
-sarcoma
-sis
-stasis
Review the meaning and use of suffixes.
Present the meaning of the suffixes on this list and give examples of how they may be used.
Which term means “origin” or “cause”?
Which term applies to a person who studies a subject?
Which term means “resembling”?
Which term is used for a “tumor” or “swelling”?
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18. Compare and Contrast Word Root Suffix cyt/o -cyte path/o -pathy sarc/o
-sarcoma
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19. Suffixes Containing “gen”
-gen: substance that produces or causes
Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that causes cancer
-genic: producing, originating, causing
Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells
-genesis: origin, cause
Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors
Ask the class to name other terms containing -gen or -genesis.
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20. Clicker Question Which of the following is a suffix that means
disease?
cyt/o
-pathy
path/o
-cyte
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21. Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts
adenocarcinoma
adenoma
chloroma
epithelioma
fibroma
fibrosarcoma
leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
lipoma
liposarcoma
melanocarcinoma
melanoma
myoma
neoplasm
neuroma
rhabdomyosarcoma
sarcoma
Present the terms on this list.
Demonstrate how word parts make up the terms.
Explain how to define the terms from knowing the word parts.
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22. Analyzing Terms that Appear to Be Built from a Prefix and Suffix
“Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.
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23. Pronunciation Guide
The following is a simple guide to use for practicing pronunciation of the medical terms.
The pronunciations are only approximate; however, they are adequate to meet the needs of the beginning student.
In respelling for pronunciation, words are minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound.
Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)
Why is it more important to pronounce medical terms correctly than when using everyday language?
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24. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)
The macron (-) is used to indicate the long vowel sounds.
Example: donate (do-nate)
hepatoma (hep-a-to-ma)
a as in ate, say
e as in eat, beet, see
i as in i, mine, sky
o as in oats, so
u as in unit, mute - - -
Ask the class to say terms out loud to practice pronunciation.
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25. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)
Vowels with no markings have the short sound.
Example: discuss (dis-kus)
medical (med-i-kal)
a as in at, lad
e as in edge, bet
i as in itch, wish
o as in ox, top
u as in sun, come
Ask the class to say terms out loud to practice pronunciation.
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26. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)
An accent mark is the stress on a certain syllable. The primary accent is indicated by capital letters, and the secondary accent (which is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary accent) is indicated by italics.
Example: altogether (all-tu-GETH-er) pancreatitis (pan-kre-a-Tl-tis) - - -
Ask students to write out three or four multisyllabic words using diacritical and accent marks as needed.
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27. Clicker Question Which of the following is analyzed correctly?
melan/o/carcin/oma
melano/carcin/oma
wr cv wr s cf
wr wr s cf
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28. Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts
cytogenic
cytology
cytoplasm
dysplasia
epithelial
erythrocyte
erythrocytosis
histology
hyperplasia
hypoplasia
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29. Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
leukocyte
leukocytosis
lipoid
myopathy
somatic
systemic
visceral
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30. Blood Cells 1. erythrocytes 2. leukocytes
What terms are formed by the word parts indicated on the slide?
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31. Clicker Question Which of the following means red blood cell?
karyocyte
leukocyte
erythrocyte
cytoplasm
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32. Chapter 2
Lesson 2.2
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33. Objectives
Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to body structure, color, and oncology.
Identify and use in singular and plural endings
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to body structure, color, and oncology.
Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.
Using the objectives, inform the students what they are expected to learn in Lesson 2.2
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34. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
cancerous
carcinogen
cyanosis
diagnosis
etiology
iatrogenic
metastasis
neopathy
oncologist
oncology
pathogenic
pathologist
pathology
prognosis
xanthochromic
Present the terms on this list.
Demonstrate how word parts make up the terms.
Explain how to define the terms from knowing the word parts.
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35. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
benign
carcinoma in situ
chemotherapy (chemo)
exacerbation idiopathic inflammation
in vitro
in vivo
malignant
radiation therapy
remission
Note that the terms are not built from word parts, and thus, different exercises are used to learn the terms.
Present the terms on this list.
What does malignant mean?
What term indicates that a growth is enclosed?
What term indicates that cancer is at an early stage?
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36. Clicker Question Which of the following terms is built from word
parts and can be literally translated to find its
meaning?
in vitro
cancer in situ
adenocarcinoma
benign
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37. Table 2-2 Common Plural Endings
Singular Endings Plurals Formation Singular Form Plural Form
-a ae vertebra vertebrae
-ax aces thorax thoraces
-is es testis testes
-ix ices appendix appendices
-ma mata carcinoma carcinomata
-on a ganglion ganglia
-sis ses metastasis metastases
-um a ovum ova
-us i fungus fungi
-nx nges larynx larynges
-y ies biopsy biopsies
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38. Abbreviations Ca chemo Dx mets Px RBC XRT WBC
Why are abbreviations frequently used in medical terms?
What abbreviation indicates a diagnosis?
What abbreviation indicates a prognosis?
What does RBC represent?
What does WBC represent?
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39. Read Medical Terms
A 54-year-old woman presented to the office with a 3-
week history of bloody diarrhea. She had been
diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 25 years. She
was referred for a colonoscopy. The examination
revealed a suspicious lesion in the transverse colon. A
biopsy was performed and a cytology specimen was
obtained. The pathologist made a diagnosis of
carcinoma of the colon. Advanced dysplasia and
inflammation existed in the specimen. The patient
underwent surgery and was found to have no evidence
of metastasis. Her entire colon was removed because
of a high risk for developing a malignant lesion in the
remaining colon. She made an uneventful recovery and
was referred to an oncologist for consideration of
chemotherapy. Her prognosis is generally positive.
Radiation therapy is not indicated in this case.
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