1. Skinner’s classification
Involuntary Voluntary
Respondent Operant
Elicited Emitted
Can be altered by classical
conditioning
Can be altered by operant
(Not until chapter 4)

2. Motor vs. orienting responses
Tropisms
phototropisms (+ or -)
geotropisms (+ or -)
chemotropisms (+ or -)
etc.

3. Behavior
Respondents
Operants
Reflexes
Tropisms
Skeletal
Autonomic

4. A monosynaptic reflex: example 1
Afferent
(sensory)
neuron
Interneuron
Hot object
Efferent
(motor)
neuron
Spinal cord
Direction of
impulse
Muscle contracts and withdraws
part being stimulated

5. A monosynaptic reflex: example 2
Cross-section of spinal cord
Sensory
neuron
Motor
neuron
Interneuron
Muscle

6. Actual threshold = 26 stimulus units
The reflex threshold
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 10 20 30 40 50
Intensity of stimulus
Probability of response
Step function
(like the axon
of the neuron)
Ogive
Actual threshold = 26 stimulus units
Actual
Idealized (all-or-none)