1. Technician Licensing Class
Weak Signal Propagation
Valid July 1, 2014
Through
June 30, 2018 1

2. Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation
ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings)
About Ham Radio
Call Signs
Control
Mind the Rules
Tech Frequencies
Your First Radio
Going On The Air!
Repeaters
Emergency!
Weak Signal Propagation 2

3. Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation
ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings)
Talk to Outer Space!
Your Computer Goes Ham Digital!
Multi-Mode Radio Excitement
Run Some Interference Protection
Electrons – Go With the Flow!
It’s the Law, per Mr. Ohm!
Go Picture These!
Antennas
Feed Me with Some Good Coax!
Safety First! 3

4. Weak Signal Propagation
T5C07 Radio waves is a usual name for electromagnetic waves that travel through space.
Electromagnetic waves are RADIO WAVES

5. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C10 The distance at which two stations can communicate by direct path is the radio horizon.
VHF & UHF radio signals will generally travel “line of sight.”
VHF & UHF radio signals are blocked by the curvature of the Earth.

6. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C11 VHF and UHF radio signals usually travel somewhat farther than the visual line of sight distance between two stations because the Earth seems less curved to radio waves than to light.
Knife-Edge Diffraction
T3C05 The effects of knife-edge diffraction causes radio signals to be heard despite obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations .

7. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C06 Tropospheric scatter is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on a regular basis.
T3C08 Temperature inversions in the atmosphere causes "tropospheric ducting".
Tropospheric
Ducting

8. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C3 A characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral reflection is that the signals exhibit rapid fluctuations of strength and often sound distorted.
Incoming signals from a distant station heard hundreds of miles away will sound fluttery and distorted by auroral bounce

9. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C7 The 6 meter band is best suited to communicating via meteor scatter.
Leonids and Geminids meteor showers provide these conditions
Bounce signals off meteor tail

10. Weak Signal Propagation
Basically five layers: D, E, F, F1, and F2.
Differences in Day-time and Night-time:
D and E disappear at night.
F1 and F2 combine at night to become just F.
Ionosphere Layers 10

11. Weak Signal Propagation
T3A11 The ionosphere is the part of the atmosphere that enables the propagation of radio signals around the world.
T3C09 During daylight hours (dawn to shortly after sunset) during periods of high sunspot activity is generally the best time for long-distance 10 meter band propagation.

12. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C2 When VHF signals are being received from long distances these signals are being refracted from a sporadic E layer.
Sporadic-E refractions off ionized patches of the ionospheric E-layer are common in summer on 6-meters.

13. Weak Signal Propagation
T3A09 A common effect of "skip" reflections between the Earth and the ionosphere is the original signal becomes randomized or elliptically polarized. Either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception.
Skip happens when signals refract and reflect off the ionosphere.
DX stations 1000 miles away come booming in.
Every 30 seconds signal goes from strong to weak and back.
Caused by random, ever changing polarization of the original signal.

14. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C04 Sporadic E propagation is most commonly associated with occasional strong over-the-horizon signals on the 10, 6, and 2 meter bands.
T3C01 UHF signals "direct" (not via a repeater) are rarely heard from stations outside your local coverage area because UHF signals are usually not reflected by the ionosphere.
T3A08 The cause of irregular fading of signals from distant stations during times of generally good reception is due to random combining of signals arriving via different path lengths.

15. Weak Signal Propagation
T3C12 The Six or Ten meter bands may provide long distance communications during the peak of the sunspot cycle.
T3B02 The orientation of the electric field is the property of a radio wave is used to describe its polarization.

16. Words that are bold and red appear in the correct answer.
Take Aways
Section Ten Take Aways
Words that are bold and red appear in the correct answer. 16

17. Take Aways
A usual name for electromagnetic waves that travel through space is Radio waves.
The radio horizon is the distance at which two stations are effectively blocked by the curvature of the earth.
VHF and UHF radio signals usually travel somewhat farther than the visual line of sight distance between two stations because the Earth seems less curved to radio waves than to light.

18. Take Aways
The term “knife-edge diffraction” refers to signals that are partially refracted around solid objects exhibiting sharp edges. This allows radio signals to be heard despite obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations,
Tropospheric scatter mode is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on a regular basis.
Tropospheric ducting is caused by temperature inversions in the atmosphere.

19. Take Aways
The 6 meter band is best suited to communicating via meteor scatter.
The part of the atmosphere called the ionosphere enables the propagation of radio signals around the world.
When VHF signals are being received from long distances signals are possibly being refracted from a sporadic E layer in the atmosphere.
Generally, the best time for long-distance 10 meter band propagation is during daylight hours during periods of high sunspot activity.

20. Take Aways
A common effect of "skip" reflections between the Earth and the ionosphere is the original signal is elliptically polarized and either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception.
The Sporadic E propagation type is most commonly associated with occasional strong over-the-horizon signals on the 10, 6, and 2 meter bands.
Direct UHF signals (not via a repeater) are rarely heard from stations outside your local coverage area because UHF signals are usually not reflected by the ionosphere.

21. Take Aways
Random combining of signals arriving via different paths is the cause of irregular fading of signals from distant stations during times of generally good reception.
The Six or Ten meter bands may provide long distance communications during the peak of the sunspot cycle.
The orientation of the electric field is the property of a radio wave is used to describe its polarization.
Signals exhibiting rapid fluctuations of strength and often sounding distorted is a characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral reflection

22. Element 2 Technician Class Question Pool
Weak Signal Propagation
Valid July 1, 2014
Through
June 30, 2018

23. T5C07. What is a usual name for electromagnetic waves
T5C07 What is a usual name for electromagnetic waves that travel through space?
Gravity waves
Sound waves
Radio waves
Pressure waves

24. T3C10 What is the radio horizon?
The distance over which two stations can communicate by direct path
The distance from the ground to a horizontally mounted antenna
The farthest point you can see when standing at the base of your antenna tower
The shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surface

25. T3C11. Why do VHF and UHF radio signals usually
T3C11 Why do VHF and UHF radio signals usually travel somewhat farther than the visual line of sight distance between two stations?
Radio signals move somewhat faster than the speed of light
Radio waves are not blocked by dust particles
The Earth seems less curved to radio waves than to light
Radio waves are blocked by dust particles

26. T3C01. Why are direct (not via a repeater) UHF signals
T3C01 Why are direct (not via a repeater) UHF signals rarely heard from stations outside your local coverage area?
They are too weak to go very far
FCC regulations prohibit them from going more than 50 miles
UHF signals are usually not reflected by the ionosphere
They collide with trees and shrubbery and fade out

27. T3C05. Which of the following might cause radio signals
T3C05 Which of the following might cause radio signals to be heard despite obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations?
knife-edge diffraction
Faraday rotation
Quantum tunneling
Doppler shift

28. T3C06. What mode is responsible for allowing over-the-
T3C06 What mode is responsible for allowing over-the- horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on a regular basis?
Tropospheric scatter
D layer refraction
F2 layer refraction
Faraday rotation

29. T3C08 What causes tropospheric ducting?
Discharges of lightning during electrical storms
Sunspots and solar flares
Updrafts from hurricanes and tornadoes
Temperature inversions in the atmosphere

30. T3C03. What is a characteristic of VHF signals received
T3C03 What is a characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral reflection?
Signals from distances of 10,000 or more miles are common
The signals exhibit rapid fluctuations of strength and often sound distorted
These types of signals occur only during winter nighttime hours
These types of signals are generally strongest when your antenna is aimed west

31. T3C07 What band is best suited to communicating via meteor scatter?
10 meters
6 meters
2 meters
70 cm

32. T3A11. Which part of the atmosphere enables the
T3A11 Which part of the atmosphere enables the propagation of radio signals around the world?
The stratosphere
The troposphere
The ionosphere
The magnetosphere

33. T3C02. Which of the following might be happening when
T3C02 Which of the following might be happening when VHF signals are being received from long distances?
Signals are being reflected from outer space
Signals are arriving by sub-surface ducting
Signals are being reflected by lightning storms in your area
Signals are being refracted from a sporadic E layer

34. T3C09. What is generally the best time for long-distance
T3C09 What is generally the best time for long-distance 10 meter band propagation via the F layer?
From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of high sunspot activity
From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of high sunspot activity
From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of low sunspot activity
From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of low sunspot activity

35. T3A09. Which of the following results from the fact that
T3A09 Which of the following results from the fact that skip signals refracted from the ionosphere are elliptically polarized?
Digital modes are unusable
Either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception
FM voice is unusable
Both the transmitting and receiving antennas must be of the same polarization

36. T3C04. Which of the following propagation types is most
T3C04 Which of the following propagation types is most commonly associated with occasional strong over- the-horizon signals on the 10, 6, and 2 meter bands?
Backscatter
Sporadic E
D layer absorption
Gray-line propagation

37. T3C12. Which of the following bands may provide long
T3C12 Which of the following bands may provide long distance communications during the peak of the sunspot cycle ?
Six or ten meters
23 centimeters
70 centimeters or 1.25 meters
All of these choices are correct

38. T3B02. What property of a radio wave is used to describe
T3B02 What property of a radio wave is used to describe its polarization?
The orientation of the electric field
The orientation of the magnetic field
The ratio of the energy in the magnetic field to the energy in the electric field
The ratio of the velocity to the wavelength

39. T3A08. Which of the following is a likely cause of
T3A08 Which of the following is a likely cause of irregular fading of signals received by ionospheric reflection?
Frequency shift due to Faraday rotation
Interference from thunderstorms
Random combining of signals arriving via different path lengths
Intermodulation distortion