1. Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

2. What is a Computing System ?
Hardware & Software

3. What is a Microprocessor ?
A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip.

4. Inside the Microprocessor
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations
CPU uses registers to store information
Control unit consist of:
Instruction Register (IR)
Instruction Decoder (ID)
Memory Address Register (MAR)
Memory Data Register (MDR)

5. Inside the Microprocessor
IR: holds the instruction
ID: decodes (translates the instructions)
MAR: storage (buffer) for address information
MDR: Storage (buffer) for data

6. Microprocessor Basic Operation
Program (instructions) and Data are stored in Memory
Each instruction is read (fetched) from memory, interpreted (decoded), and executed
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs operations on data
Data is transferred (register, memory, I/O)
Program Counter (PC) indicates current location of program in Memory and is automatically incremented after each instruction
Each instruction can take several clock cycles
Decode
Fetch
Execute

7. Major architectural differences between Microprocessors
Word length
Instruction Execution Speed
Direct Memory Access
Processor registers(size and function)
Instruction type
Memory addressing
Support

8. Microcontroller System
A Microcontroller (also MCU or µC) is a functional computer system-on- a-chip. It contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

9. Microcontroller Organization

10. Microcontrollers CPU: Central Processing Unit (4,8,16,32 bit data bus)
ROM: Read Only Memory (Firmware)
RAM: Random Access Memory (Register File, Processor Stack, Temporary data)
PIO: Parallel I/O (relays, sensors)
INT: Interrupt Inputs (external/internal sources)
UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (e.g. RS232)
GPT: General Purpose Timer (optional event counter)
PWM: Pulse Width Modulator (motor controller)
WDT: Watch Dog Timer (automatic reset)
AIO: Analog I/O (ADC & DAC)

11. Memory basic concepts
Digital data is stored in the form of binary numbers, however it is often represented using the hexadecimal numbering system.
The bit is the smallest digital unit, and is either 1 or 0.
A byte is defined to be 8 bits.
A word varies from processor to processor and can be 8, 16, 32 or more bits.
Normally, the byte is the smallest addressable unit; however, it is possible to address individual bits in I/O registers.
Motorola convention: binary number are prefixed by % and hexadecimal numbers by $

12. Memory basic concepts

13. Memory Types The main types of semiconductor memory are:
ROM – Read Only Memory
RAM – Random Access Memory
EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

14. The Bus
The bus provides the communication infrastructure among the various components of the system
Data bus carries the information being transmitted/received.
Address bus tells where the information is being transferred to/from.
Control bus specifies when the information transfer take place by coordinating the access to the data bus and the address bus, and directs the data from/to the specific components.

15. Motorola 68HC11
The 68HC11 is a family of 8 bit microcontroller (MCU).

16. MC68HC11E0 · MC68HC11E0 CPU in a 52 pin PLCC package.
·        3MHz frequency.
·        192 Bytes On-Chip RAM.
·        RS-232C compatible I/O interface port.
·        Single input power supply to provide all voltage requirements.
·        Real-Time interrupt circuit.
·        16-bit Timer System – 3 Input Capture (IC) Channels/ 4 Output Compare (OC) Channels. Additional Channel is software selectable as either Fourth IC or fifth OC.
·        Computer Operating Properly (COP) Watchdog System.
·        Synchronous Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI).
·        Asynchronous Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ) Serial Communications Interface (SCI).
·        8-Bit Pulse Accumulator.
·        26 Input/Output (I/O) Pins.
·        32K Bytes of Static RAM.
·        32K Bytes of EPROM with Monitor Software.
·        8 Bit Digital to Analog to Digital Converter.
·        4X4 Hex Keypad.
·        2 Line, 16 Characters Alpha numerical LCD Display.
·        8 Bit Digital Input port, with 4 lines connected to switch.
·        8 Bit Digital Output port with 4 lines connected to LEDS

17. CPU Modes

18. 68HC11E0 Pin Assignments

19. 58HC11E block diagram

20. Memory Map
A memory map is a graphical way of showing how the memory space of the microcontroller is divided. The map indicates the type (RAM, ROM, etc.), size and boundaries of each part of the memory space.
NOTE: 1 KB = 1024 (=210) bytes of memory.
The 68HC11 uses a 16-bit address, which means it can directly address 216 (=65,536) memory locations.

21. Memory Map of the MC68HC11E1

22. Input/Output
Serial
Parallel
Analog

23. 68HC11 CPU Registers

24. Chapter 1 Problems
Skip section 1.6 Page 24 Problems 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21