1. Testicular Cancer

2. What is Testicular Cancer?
Cancer that starts in the testicles is called testicular cancer.
There are an estimated 9,310 new cases of testicular cancer that will be diagnosed this year
Many different types of testicular cancer exist.

3. Types of Testicular Cancer
Seminomas: Slow-growing
Classical seminoma
Spermatocytic seminoma
Cancers that start in another organ and then spread to the testicle are called secondary testicular cancers. These are not true testicular cancers – they are named and treated based on where they started.
Seminomas – slow growing can usually not spread but can spread to lymph nodes.

4. Non-Seminomas: Quicker growing Embryonal carcinoma Yolk sac carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma
Mature teratomas
Immature teratomas
Teratomas with somatic type malignancy
Non seminomal
- Grow quicker – identified according to cell type
Teratoma- Tumor that can grow different types of tissues. Can include hair, teeth, bone, etc.

5. Stromal tumors: Non-cancerous Leydig cell tumors Sertoli cell tumors
Other Testicular Growths
Stromal tumors: Non-cancerous
Leydig cell tumors
Sertoli cell tumors
Stromal rare – not cancerous
Stromal usually occur during childhood

6. Testicular Cancer Statistics
In the year 2018:
About 9,310 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed
About 400 men will die of testicular cancer
In a lifetime:
About 1 of every 263 males will develop testicular cancer at some point during his life
Average age at the time of diagnosis of testicular cancer is about 33
Largely a disease of young and middle-aged men, but about 7% of cases occur in children and teens, and about 7% occur in men over the age of 55
A man’s lifetime risk of dying from this cancer is very low: about 1 in 5,000
Other Statistics:
Approximately 90 percent of testicular cancers occur in adult men under the age of 54.
Caucasian men have a five times greater risk of developing testicular cancer than black men, and a three times greater risk compared with Asian-American or American Indian men. Hispanic/Latino men have a risk in between that of Caucasian and Asian-American men. In addition, testicular cancer occurs more frequently in the United States and Europe, and less often in Asia or Africa.
Approximately 3 percent of cases of testicular cancer occur in families. Having a brother or father who has had testicular cancer may slightly increase your risk of developing the disease.
Approximately 3 percent of males may be born with a testicle that has failed to properly descend. Testicular cancer is several times more likely to occur in males with cryptorchidism, and it is more likely to develop in the undescended testicles. Although, testicular cancer does develop in the normally descended testicle in approximately 25 percent of cases.
carcinoma in situ is a non-invasive form of testicular cancer that may sometimes, but not always, progress to invasive cancer. Approximately percent of men who have had cancer in one testicle will later develop cancer in the other testicle.

7. Testicular Cancer Risk Factors
Age
An undescended testicle
Family history of testicular cancer
HIV infection
Carcinoma in situ of the testicle
Having had testicular cancer before
Being of a certain race/ethnicity
Body size
Exact cause is unknown

8. Signs and Symptoms
Hard lumps or nodules on either testicle or a change in how the testicle looks or feels.
Swelling in the scrotum, sometimes caused by a sudden buildup of fluid.
A dull ache in the lower abdomen or the scrotum.
Pain, discomfort or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum.
Enlarged or swollen breasts, caused by the secretion of hormones that stimulate breast growth by the testicular tumor.
Some testicular cancers do not produce any symptoms at all. In addition, there are a variety of other non-cancerous conditions that can produce similar symptoms, such as testicular injury and inflammation, and viral or bacterial infections. It is best to discuss any testicular cancer symptoms you are experiencing with a doctor who can help you understand what condition, if any, you may have.

9. How is Testicular Cancer Diagnosed?
Ultrasound
Blood tests
Surgery
CT scans
MRI scans
PET Scan **
Bone Scan **
** Used if cancer has metastasized
the doctor will feel the testicles for swelling or tenderness and for the size and location of any lumps. The doctor will also examine your abdomen, lymph nodes, and other parts of your body carefully, looking for any possible signs of cancer spread. Often the results of the exam are normal aside from the testicles. If a lump or other sign of testicular cancer is found, testing is needed to look for the cause.
Ultrasound of the testicles
Blood tests for tumor markers
Surgery to diagnose testicular cancer
CT scans can be used to help determine the stage (extent) of the cancer by showing if it has spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or other organs.
MRI scans are particularly helpful in looking at the brain and spinal cord. They are only done in patients with testicular cancer if the doctor has reason to think the cancer might have spread to those areas.
A PET scan can help spot small collections of cancer cells in the body. It is sometimes useful to see if lymph nodes that are still enlarged after chemotherapy contain cancer or are just scar tissue. PET scans are often more useful for seminomas than for non-seminomas, so they are less often used in patients with nonseminoma.
bone scan can help show if a cancer has spread to the bones. It might be done if there is reason to think the cancer might have spread to the bones (because of symptoms such as bone pain) and if other test results aren’t clear.

11. Treatment
Depending on the type and stage of the cancer and other factors, treatment options for testicular cancer can include:
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy (chemo)
High-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant
In some cases, more than one of type of treatment might be used.

12. Survival Rates The five-year survival rate is 95%.
The survival rate is higher for men diagnosed with early-stage cancer and lower for men with later-stage cancer
For men with cancer that has not spread beyond the testicles the survival rate is 99%
For men with cancer that has spread to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes the survival rate is about 96%
For men with cancer that has spread to distant areas outside the testicles, the survival rate is 73%

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