1. Chapter 5 Vocal Mechanism
Perry C. Hanavan, AuD

2. Question The larynx is the: Voice box Throat Esophagus Nasal passage
Oral cavity

3. Phonatory System

4. Larynx

5. The only bone of the larynx is:
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid(s)
Epiglottis
Hyoid

6. Larynx

7. The vocalis muscle attaches to:
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid(s)
B and C
A and C

8. The largest cartilage is the:
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid(s)
Mandible
Hyoid

9. Larynx

10. To close or bring together:
Abduct
Adduct
Neither

11. Vocal Folds

12. Muscles of Larynx Extrinsic Intrinsic
Have one point of attachment to larynx and other attachment other structure
Intrinsic
Have origin and insertion within larynx

13. The vocalis is an ____ laryngeal muscle:
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Both
Neither

14. Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
Model describing voice production (phonation) as a combination of:
Muscle force (myo)
Tissue elasticity (elasticity)
Pressures and flows (aerodynamic)
Bernoulli principle

15. Mucosal Wave Examples Mucosal Waves Mucosal Wave
Asymmetrical Mucosal Wave
Spasmodic dysphonia

16. Mucosal Wave
Vertical phase difference
Longitudinal phase difference

17. Question The Bernoulli principle:
As velocity increases, pressure decreases
As velocity decreases, pressure increases
As velocity increases, pressure increases
As velocity decreases, pressure decreases
A and B are true
C and D are true

18. Bernoulli Principle As flow increases, pressure decreases
Subglottal air pressure increases and forces vocal folds to abduct
Rapid flow of air through glottal space decreases pressure in the glottis and vocal folds close

19. Phonation: Glottal Spectrum
Determined by mass, length, and tension
Changes throughout utterance (question vs. statement, etc.)
Males Fo (80-150)
Females Fo ( )
Children Fo ( )

20. Glottal Spectrum Glottal Fo with harmonics
Does not represent what is heard due to vocal tract modulation
The Fo corresponds to the perceived pitch of the voice
The harmonics contribute to the quality of the voice

21. Fo & Harmonic Spacing
Adult Male
Adult Female
Child

22. Roll Off--Fo

23. Question
Who has the largest harmonic spaces (distance between harmonics)?
Males
Females
Young girls
Young boys
C & D

24. Harmonic Variations
Cycle-to-cycle variations in frequency and amplitude can occur from several factors:
Neurologic
Biomechanic
Aerodynamic
Hearing loss (inadequate feedback system)

25. FO & Hearing Loss
Leder SB, Spitzer JB, Kirchner JC. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol May-Jun;96(3 Pt 1):322-4.
Speaking fundamental frequency of postlingually profoundly deaf adult men. Investigated speaking fundamental frequency (F0) of 21 postlingually profoundly sensorineurally deaf males
Speaking F0 was significantly higher for the deaf group than for normal-hearing, age-matched men.
Neither duration of profound deafness nor hearing aid usage affected speaking F0 values significantly.

26. Hearing vs. Hearing Loss
J Acoust Soc Am Jan;71(1): Long-term average speech spectra for normal and hearing-impaired adolescents. Monsen RB. Spectra characterized by regular pattern of peaks occurring at multiples of the talkers' fundamental frequencies and by slopes declining at rates of -5 to -6 dB/octave.
Adolescents with HL produced spectra for which the harmonic structure ranged from very well defined to the irregular and poorly defined; spectral slopes declined at rates equal to or greater than the normal rate, in some cases declining at twice the normal rate.

27. Hearing vs. Cochlear Implant
OBJECTIVE: The different speech sounds are formed by the primary voice signal and by the shape of the articulation tract. With this mechanism, specific overtones, the formants, are generated for each vowel. The objective of this study was to investigate the fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice signal and the first three formants (F1-F3) as a parameter of the articulation in prelingually deafened children at different timepoints after cochlear implantation (CI) compared with children with normal speech development.
CONCLUSIONS: Prelingually deaf children who receive a CI before fourth birthday attain better acoustic control over speech, normalizing fundamental frequencies and improving their articulatory skills.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol Nov 11;66(2): Changes of voice and articulation in children with cochlear implants. Seifert E, Oswald M, Bruns U, Vischer M, Kompis M, Haeusler R.

28. Post CI & TC
Ear Hear Feb;24(1): Longitudinal changes in children's speech and voice physiology after cochlear implantation. Higgins MB, McCleary EA, Carney AE, Schulte L.
OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this investigation were 1) to describe speech/voice physiological characteristics of prelingually deafened children before and after cochlear implantation and determine whether they fall into a range that would be considered deviant, 2) to determine whether selected deviant articulatory and phonatory behaviors of children with cochlear implants persist despite long-term cochlear implant use and continued participation in aural rehabilitation services, and 3) to determine whether further development of deviant articulatory and phonatory behaviors occurs postimplantation.
CONCLUSIONS: Children who received cochlear implants after 5 yrs of age and who were educated in a Total Communication setting showed persistence and further development of deviant speech/voice behaviors for several years post-cochlear implant. Although our findings cannot be generalized to other populations of children with cochlear implants (i.e., those who were implanted earlier, those educated in auditory-oral programs), it seems wisest at the present time not to assume that children's deviant speech/voice behaviors will remit spontaneously with continued cochlear implant use.

29. Which is true?
Speaking F0 was significantly higher for the late deafened group than for normal-hearing
Children who received CIs and educated in a TC setting showed further development of speech/voice behaviors for several years post-CI.
Prelingually deaf children who receive a CI before fourth birthday attain better acoustic control over their speech, normalizing their fundamental frequencies
Adolescents with hearing loss produced spectra for which the harmonic structure ranged from the very well defined to the irregular and poorly defined; spectral slopes declined at rates equal to or greater than the normal rate
All false
All true

30. Voice Disorders jitter shimmer
cycle to cycle variability in frequency of vocal fold vibration also called frequency perturbation
shimmer
cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of vocal fold vibration also called amplitude perturbation

31. Which is jitter?
cycle to cycle variability in frequency of true vocal fold vibration also called frequency perturbation
cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of vocal fold vibration also called amplitude perturbation
cycle to cycle variability in frequency of false vocal fold vibration also called frequency perturbation
cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of false vocal fold vibration also called amplitude perturbation

32. Noise series Jitter + noise series Jitter only series
Shimmer + noise series
Examples of stimulus series: Voice 5 = x sine, nsr = dB
Top row: noise only; Row 2: jit + noise; Row 3: jit no noise; Row 4: shim + noise; row 5: shim no noise
Shimmer only series

33. Polyps
Polyps video