1. Life in the Industrial Age

2. New Industrial Powers Emerge
Britain initially stood alone
Belgium emerges
Germany, France, United States
Had more resources
Borrow British Tech
*By 1900, USA manufactured 30% of worlds industrialized goods, leading industrial nations

3. New Industrial Powers Emerge
Eastern and southern Europe fall behind
Japan modernizes quickly
Social change
Western powers dominate the world

4. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
Bessemer Process- make steel from iron
Steel-lighter, harder, more durable
Used in tools bridges and railroads
Chemists develop aspirin, perfume, soaps and Dynamite
Electricity replaces steam power
Dynamo- machine that generates electricity

5. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
Thomas Edison-electric light bulb
*Interchangeable parts- identical components that could be used in place of each other
Assembly Line
Made manufacturing faster and cheaper
Lowered price of goods

6. Transportation and Communication Advances
Steamships over sailing
Railroads
Rail lines connected seaports with mining regions
Nikolaus Otto, invented gasoline powered engine
Henry Ford
Made USA leader in automotive industry

7. Transportation and Communication Advances
Orville and Wilbur Wright
First planes
Passenger flights not available till 1920s
Telegraph
Undersea cable
Alexander Graham Bell-patented the Telephone

8. Business Takes a New Direction
Big Business
Stock-Shares in a company
Corporations-businesses owned by investors who buy shares stock
Monopolies-corporate structure that control and entire industry
Rockefeller-Standard Oil
Destroyed competition

9. Business Takes a New Direction
Cartel-an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets
“Captains of Industry” or “Robber Barons”

10. The Rise of Cities
Germ Theory- microbes cause specific infectious diseases
Louis Pasteur, showed clear link, went on to develop vaccines against rabies and anthrax
Discovered process to pasteurize milk
Robert Koch identified tuberculosis and repertory disease
Better understanding led to bathing more, changing cloths

11. The Rise of Cities Anesthesia-relieve pain during surgery
Experiment with operations
Hospitals dangerous
Survive operation die of infection
Being admitted to hospital and being poor was death sentence
Wealthy treated in homes

12. The Rise of Cities
Florence Nightingale-worked on sanitary measures in British hospitals
Founded first nursing school
Antiseptics discovered-prevented infection

13. City Life Changes Urban renewal-rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
Rebuilt old cities for new age
Wide boulevards
Paved streets, electric street lights
Police forces and fire departments
Sewage system

14. City Life Changes Conditions harsh for the poor
Whole families crammed into a single room
Crime, alcoholism, slums a big issue
Cities attracted tourists, opera houses, theaters, library, sports

15. The Working Class Advances
Mutual aid societies-self help groups to aid sick or injured workers
Labor Unions and collective bargaining
Strike-work stoppage
Often resulted in violence
Governments began to regulate working conditions
Age requirement, pension, disability insurance

16. The Working Class Advances
Standard of living-measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society

17. A New Social Order Arises
3 social classes
Rich business man and aristocrats
Middle class
Lower middle class
Workers and peasants
Cult of domesticity- idealized woman and the home

18. Women Work for Rights
Temperance movement-campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
Women couldn't vote
Barred from schools
little protection under the law
fought for Suffrage

19. Growth of Public Education
Elementary schools start primitive
Teachers started getting trained
Secondary schools expanded
wealthy
Colleges and universities expand
Sciences and engineering

20. Science Takes New Direction
Atomic Theory- all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms
Geology, determining age of the earth 2billion
Went against biblical accounts
Archeology, Neanderthal bones found
Charles Darwin, all life evolved over millions of years
Natural selection-survival of the fittest

21. Science Takes New Direction
Social Darwinism
Used in industry and it encouraged racism

22. Religion in an Urban Age
Christianity and Judaism at head of western civilization
Pushed for reforms
Tried to help poor
Schools and hospitals in slums
Social gospel-movement that urged Christians to social service

23. Arts in the Industrial Age
Romanticism-art style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion
Ludwig van Beethoven

24. The Call to Realism *Realism-attempt to represent the world as it was
Focused on harsh life in cities and villages
Charles Dickens’ Oliver twist
Les Miserables

25. Visual Arts Take a New Directions
Impressionism- impression of real life versus exactly real
Vincent van Gogh