1. Remember
Homework from the lab manual is due in lab next week. And you need to do the prelab. work for lab 2
Quizzes in lab start next week.
There is a website for this section A of the course where the lecture material is posted.
To access the PowerPoint slides = username BIO password darwin
To see the lecture video = go to UB Learns & find Bio200 &
click on classroom recordings
If you missed lab 1, you can not make it up, but you need to do the homework, purchase a lab book and do the prelab work for lab Contact your TA for instructions.

2. DARWIN’S HYPOTHESIS Individuals vary Populations tend to over-breed
Struggle for existence
Survival of the fittest
Variations are inherited
New species develop

3. DARWIN’S EVIDENCE II

4. Deduction (Prediction) 6
If the hypothesis of evolution is correct
then fossils should show evidence of change through time
Test: Study fossils at various depths in rock strata
Paleontology= study of ancient life (fossils)

5. DATA
Types of fossils
Original material
Mammoth in ice

6. DATA Types of fossils Original material
Skeletal material from Australopithecus sediba (2 million years old) from South Africa. Science, Sept. 8, 2011

7. DATA
Types of fossils
“Original material”
Bog people
Mummified humans

8. DATA
Types of fossils
Original material
Mosquito in amber

9. DATA
Types of fossils
Permineralization = petrification = mineralization of organic matter.
e.g. petrified forests buried in volcanic ash

10. DATA
Types of fossils
Carbonized film = a silhouette of blackened carbon residue of an organism

11. DATA
Types of fossils
Mold = impressions of an organism in rock

12. DATA
Types of fossils
Cast = a mold filled-in with mud or stone leaving a replica of the organism

13. DATA
Types of fossils
Chemical Fossil = molecules produced by an organism left behind in rock

14. DATA
Types of fossils
Trace fossil = evidence that an organism has left behind that it was present in the past.
e.g. footprints, worm tubes, feces

15. Deduction (Prediction) 6
Evaluation: Many fossils of organisms exist that are no longer present on Earth
e.g. dinosaurs, giant tree ferns, mammoths
Conclusion: Life on Earth has changed through
time.
The data support the hypothesis

16. Deduction (Prediction) 7
So is there any order in the fossil layers?
Deduction (Prediction) 7
If the hypothesis of evolution is correct
then older strata should have fewer modern species than younger strata.
Test: Compare species in rock strata

17. Deduction (Prediction) 7
Data: From Charles Lyell (1854)
Mollusks Fossils % Still
known alive
Recent Pliocene mya %
Older Pliocene mya %
Miocene mya , %
Eocene mya , %
What do the data suggest?

18. Deduction (Prediction) 7
Data: From Charles Lyell (1854)
Mollusks Fossils % Still
known alive
Recent Pliocene mya %
Older Pliocene mya %
Miocene mya , %
Eocene mya , %
Evaluation: Data support the evolution hypothesis
Data do Not support the creation hypothesis

19. DEDUCTION (PREDICTION) 8
If the hypothesis of evolution is correct
then the simplest organisms should occur in the oldest strata
Test: compare species in rock strata

20. DATA:

21. DEDUCTION (PREDICTION) 8
Evaluation:
Data are NOT consistent with Divine Creation
(i.e. creation in a few days)
Data are consistent with:
Evolution
Multiple creations (Cuvier’s Catastrophe Hypothesis)
And

22. DEDUCTION (PREDICTION) 9
If the hypothesis of evolution is correct
then intermediate links between fossils must exist.
Test: Look for transitional species
(“missing links”)

23. DATA:
Archaeopteryx
discovered
1861

24. Bird Features DATA: Wings True feathers Wishbone Pneumatic bones
Bipedal
Reversed big toe

25. Reptile Features DATA: Bony tail with free vertebrae 3 claws on wing
Flat breast bone
Reptilian skull
Long snout,
no beak
Jaws with teeth

27. Evaluation
The data are too sparse.
The hypothesis is neither supported
nor rejected

28. SUMMARY
At the time of Darwin’s death in 1882 at the age of 73 most biologists were convinced that evolution had occurred
BUT

29. SUMMARY BUT, the mechanism of evolution was uncertain.
I Hate arguments
Acquired Characteristics
A miracle directed by God
Natural Selection

30. No one has ever seen organisms change through time.
Creationists say:
No one has ever seen organisms change through time.
That is not true as the next lectures will show,
but even if we had not seen it,
we would still be sure it had occurred.
We don’t have to see the whole process
to know it happened.

31. We don’t have to see the whole journey.
Suppose you see the train with Aunt Emma at various stops along its journey from Buffalo to NYC.
You see it in Buffalo at 9:00 AM.
And Rochester at 10:00 AM
And Syracuse at 12:00 noon
And Albany at 2:00 PM
And NYC at 4:00 PM
Isn’t reasonable to conclude that the train carried Aunt Emma from Buffalo to NYC?
We don’t have to see the whole journey.
We don’t have to see every step
in evolution to know that it has occurred

32. A man was charged with biting off another man’s ear in a bar fight
He was arrested and brought to trial.
An eye witness to the scene was brought to the stand
The defense attorney asked: “Did you actually see with your own eyes my client bite off the ear in question?”
To which the witness replied: “No, but I saw him spit it out.”
We have the fossils, the intermediate forms, the comparative anatomy, the embryology, the genomic homologies—
In the next lectures we’ll see what evolution spits out.