1. 1
The Human Body: An Orientation: Part B

2. Standard anatomical body position
Anatomical Position
Standard anatomical body position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position
Right and left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Upper limb
Mental
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Pelvic
Pollex
Inguinal
(groin)
Palmar
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic
(genital)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Thorax
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Anterior/Ventral
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Two major divisions of body
Regional Terms
Two major divisions of body
Axial
Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
Limbs
Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Upper limb
Mental
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Pelvic
Pollex
Inguinal
(groin)
Palmar
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic
(genital)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Thorax
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Anterior/Ventral
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Back (dorsal)
Antebrachial
Scapular
(forearm)
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Sacral
Metacarpal
Gluteal
Digital
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
Posterior/Dorsal
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Anatomical Variability
Humans differ externally and internally
90% of all structures present in body match description in textbook
Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place
Small muscle may be missing
Extreme variations inconsistent with life
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Body Planes and Sections
Flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study
Sections
Cuts or sections made along a body plane
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Body Planes Three most common Lie at right angles to each other
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse (horizontal) plane
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Sagittal Plane Sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into right and left parts
Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane
Midsagittal (median) plane
Lies on midline
Parasagittal plane
Not on midline
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Frontal (coronal) plane
Body Planes
Frontal (coronal) plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Produces a frontal or coronal section
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts
Produces a cross section
Oblique section
Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Median (midsagittal) plane
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
Frontal section
(through torso)
Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
Median section
(midsagittal)
Pancreas
Aorta
Spleen
Arm
Liver
Liver
Left and
right lungs
Heart
Spinal cord
Body wall
Rectum
Intestines
Stomach
Subcutaneous fat layer
Vertebral column
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Medical Imaging X-ray CT (formerly CAT) Scan Xenon CT
DSR – Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction
DSA – Digital Subtraction Angiography
PET – Positron Emission Tomography
Sonography (Ultrasound)
MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRS – Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
M2A Swallowable Imaging Capsule
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Medical Imaging
X-Ray
Produced by directing short wavelength rays at the body
Shadowing negative image of internal structures
Dense structures absorb the most rays – appear as light areas
Hollow, air-containing organs/fat absorb less rays – appear as dark areas
Best for visualizing hard, bony structures/locate abnormally dense structures (tumors)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
Medical Imaging
CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
Refined x-ray
Tube rotates around body, sends beams from all directions to specific level of body
Beam confined to a “slice”
Result is detailed, cross-section picture of each body region scanned
Eliminated need for exploratory surgery
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. DSR (Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction)
Medical Imaging
DSR (Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction)
Ultrafast CT scanner
Provides 3D images of organs at any angle
Scrutinize movements/internal volume changes at normal speed, slow motion, or at a specific moment
Best for visualizing heart beating and blood flow – allows doctors to evaluate heart defects, constricted/blocked blood vessels
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
Medical Imaging
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
Excels at observing metabolic processes
Radioisotopes that are tagged to biological molecules (like glucose) injected
Absorbed by most active brain cells – high energy gamma rays produced
Computer analyzes gamma-ray emission and produces live-action picture of brain’s biochemical activity in color
Also can detect cancer
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Sonography (Ultrasound Imaging)
Medical Imaging
Sonography (Ultrasound Imaging)
Pulse of sound waves causes echoes when reflected and scattered by body tissues
Computer analyzes echoes and constructs outlines of body organs
Safe, inexpensive
Imaging technique of choice in obstetrics
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Medical Imaging
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Produces high-contrast images of soft tissues by subjecting body to strong magnetic field
Maps body’s content of hydrogen – distinguishes body tissues based on water content
Hydrogen molecules act like magnets and spin within the magnetic field – energy released is translated by computer into a visual image
Good at detecting tumors and degenerative disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. M2A Swallowable Imaging Capsule
Tiny camera is swallowed like a pill and then excretes normally
Takes photographs as it travels through digestive tract
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Two sets of internal body cavities
Closed to environment
Provide different degrees of protection to organs
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. Protects nervous system Two subdivisions:
Dorsal Body Cavity
Protects nervous system
Two subdivisions:
Cranial cavity
Encases brain
Vertebral cavity
Encases spinal cord
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Vertebral cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains heart and lungs)
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Ventral body cavity
(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive viscera)
Abdomino-pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Lateral view
Anterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. Houses internal organs (viscera)
Ventral Body Cavity
Houses internal organs (viscera)
Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm)
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. Thoracic cavity subdivisions
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic cavity subdivisions
Two pleural cavities
Each surrounds a lung
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity
Surrounds thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
Encloses heart
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Vertebral cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains heart and lungs)
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Ventral body cavity
(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive viscera)
Abdomino-pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Lateral view
Anterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity
Serous membrane or serosa
Thin, double-layered membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated
Serous Membranes
Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated
Each has parietal and visceral layers
Pericardium
Heart
Pleurae
Lungs
Peritoneum
Abdominopelvic cavity
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates
the relationship between the parietal and visceral
serous membrane layers.
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
The serosae associated with the heart.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. Abdominopelvic Regions
Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Liver
Diaphragm
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Spleen
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Appendix
Urinary bladder
Nine regions delineated by four planes
Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. Exposed to environment
Other Body Cavities
Exposed to environment
Oral and digestive cavities
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Not exposed to environment
Synovial cavities
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.