1. Knowledge and Understanding of Health Related Exercise and Fitness
Gary Kinchin

3. Your views….

4. P.E teacher considers ‘Wii Fit’ for her pupils
'Wii Fit' Showing Up in Middle School Gyms
‘Wii ‘replacing PE lessons at school
‘Wii Fit’ added as a P.E. elective

5. The physically educated young person in terms of HRE….
Has learned skills to perform a variety of activities
Participates regularly in physical activity
Understands the implications of being involved
Values physical activity and its contribution to a healthy life-style

6. Terminology See handout
Harris, J (2000) Health-Related Exercise in the National Curriculum: Key Stages 1-4. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

7. Why pay attention? Close relationship between Health and PE
Raise levels of activity and HRE
Increase young peoples’ adherence to sport and exercise
Research links regular participation in physical activity to the enhancement of physical, psychological and social well-being

8. Direct health benefits from being active as a child
Healthy growth and development of the musculoskeletal and cardio respiratory systems.
Maintenance of energy balance (in order to encourage a healthy weight).
Avoidance of risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as high blood pressure
Opportunities for social interaction, achievement and mental well-being.

9. OFSTED 2009
“Physical education has contributed effectively to the Every Child Matters outcomes, particularly to ‘being healthy’, ‘enjoying and achieving’ and ‘making a positive contribution’. Despite the improvements in physical education, it has yet to have sufficient impact on tackling the health issue of childhood obesity” (p.6).

10. National Audit Office (2001)
75% of the population to be overweight by 2010
Breathlessness
Greater osteoporosis risks
CHD

11. WHO
World Health Organisation estimates approximately 1.6 billion people around the world are overweight, of whom
around 400 million are clinically obese.
By 2015, global obesity levels predicted to increase to 700 million.
USA has the world's highest obesity rates, closely followed by Mexico, the UK, Slovakia and Greece.

12. Obesity
Evidence linking childhood obesity to an increased risk of adulthood obesity is strong
The Government’s White Paper entitled ‘Choosing Health - Making Healthier Choices Easier’ adds the prevalence of obesity has trebled since the 1980’s and well over half of all adults are either overweight or obese – almost 24 million adults.
If left alone, obese and overweight people would cost the taxpayer in England £50bn by 2050.
In 2006, 24 per cent of adults (aged 16 or over) in England were classified as obese.
an overall increase from 15 per cent in 1999
in 2006, 16 per cent of children aged 2 to 15 were classed as obese.
an overall increase from 11 per cent in 1995

15. Increasing Mental Health
Anxiety
Depression
Eating disorders Role of PA
Self harm
OCD

16. Brettsneider & Naul (2007) Increasing drop-out in sport
Reduced levels of physical activity
Greater incidences of sedentary lifestyle

17. Competing pursuits
Almost two thirds of year olds in Europe and North America spend more than 2 hours a day watching television
This increases to more than 75% for high school boys and 67% for high school girls (2004 Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey).
Children who watch TV for more than two hours each day are more likely to have an unhealthy diet, less likely to eat fruit, and less likely to participate in physical activity.
Online Living [March 2009] :UK parents believe their children are online for 18.8 hours per week, according to young people, the true figure is 43.5 hours

18. Motivation
Why are some people motivated to engage in regular physical activity?

19. DCSF (2008)
PE the key source for promoting physical activity among young people

20. Recommended Guidelines
Both the UK and US guidelines recommend that children are moderately physically active for at least an hour every day
Around 42% of boys but only 11% of girls met the 60 minute guideline
findings on the long term monitoring of 113 boys and 99 girls from 54 different schools

21. Physical Education
Represents approximately 2% of a person’s waking time
PE cannot in itself satisfy physical activity needs

22. Key Stage 3
“As a result, they develop the confidence to take part in different physical activities and learn about the value of healthy, active lifestyles. Discovering what they like to do, what their aptitudes are at school, and how and where to get involved in physical activity helps them make informed choices about lifelong physical activity”.
Linked to the idea of a ‘confident individual’

23. Continued 1.4 Healthy, active lifestyles
Understanding that physical activity contributes to the healthy functioning of the body and mind and is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle.
Recognising that regular physical activity that is fit for purpose, safe and enjoyable has the greatest impact on physical, mental and social wellbeing

24. Range and Content
exercising safely and effectively to improve health and wellbeing, as in fitness and health activities

25. Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity [MVPA]
Lack of quality in some PE classes in terms of intensity and time in MVPA
(Fairclough & Stratton, 2005)
Athletics & striking and fielding games are the least active
In athletics unit 28% of lessons were spent in MVPA
MVPA in throwing lessons accounts for 7.25% of lesson time
Primary school PE lessons with <20% MVPA
More innovative models [e.g. Sport Education] not consistently increasing MVPA

26. Are children less fit?
Children are no less fit than in previous decades

27. Fitness & Fitness Testing
Relationship between fitness and physical activity is low in young children
A child’s activity level cannot be judged from his fitness level
The active child who scores poorly on a test becomes turned off because ‘it’ does not pay-off
Inactive child scores well, is delighted, believes all is fine when it is not and is not motivated to change (Corbin, 2002).

28. Debate in the literature on merits of ‘fitness testing’
Loss of interest
Teaching to the test
‘Cheating’ on the test

29. Guidance on using tests
Developmentally appropriate
Accessible to all
Is personalized and addresses self-improvement and maintenance/goal setting
Avoid comparison
Promotes learning
Carefully considered support for the very low fit

30. School Sport Survey: October 2009
50% of 5-18 year olds are taking part in 3 hours of PE and school sport
Increased in volunteering and inter- and intra-school competition
Average school offer 18 ‘sports’
Cycling showed the biggest increase

31. Approaches to HRE Permeated Focused
*Topic: series of lessons following a topic in lecture/activity settings (can include permeation or discrete approaches)
Combined [mixture of above]
Teach knowledge, skills, positive attitudes and behavioural skills
Creation of positive attitudes and confidence associated with current and lifelong physical activity (Harris, 2000).

32. Evidence If pupils should be able to; You will see pupils who/that……
Identify the types of activity they are best suited
Identify the type of role they would like to take
Make choices about their involvement in healthy physical activity…..THEN…..
You will see pupils who/that……

33. Characteristics of successful HRE programmes
Include greater array of individual sports and fitness activities
Includes activities that align with adolescent sub-culture
Teaching the curriculum ‘whys’
Makes self management skills priority
Increases self and social responsibility
Others?

34. Questions for placement
Aim 1- To increase young people’s participation?
Aim 2 – To increase community participation?
Aim 3 – Developing an Effective Sports Club Structure?
Examples from your experience/placement?

35. Links http://www.nice.org.uk/PH17 www.healthyschools.gov.uk