1. Focus on the Pelvic Girdle and lower limb
The Skeletal System
Focus on the Pelvic Girdle and lower limb

2. Pelvic Girdle
Function: weight transfer from upper body to the legs; designed for stability and locomotion
more massive than the pectoral girdle
more firmly attached to the axial skeleton
Sacroiliac joint = hip + sacrum
Acetabulum = hip + femur

3. The Coxal Bones (aka hip bones)
Each coxal bone results from the fusion of three separate components:
The ilium
The ischium
Pubis

4. 1. The Ilium Largest, most superior
large surface area for muscle, tendon and ligament attachment
Iliac crest = “the hip”
Iliac spines = site of ligament attachment

5. 2. The Ischium (“sit down bone”)
Inferior part of the coxal bone
Ischial tuberosity - supports the body’s weight when sitting; attachment site for hamstrings
Ischial spine – ligaments attach

6. 3. Pubis Most anterior part of the coxal bone Also called pubic bone
Obturator foramen – large opening for blood vessels and nerves to pass from the abdominal cavity to the lower limbs

7. The Pelvic Girdle Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint ilium Coxal bone
(hip bone)
Pelvic brim
Ischial spine
pubis
Acetabulum
ischium
Pubis symphysis
Pelvic arch

8. ilium pubis ischium iliac crest iliac spine (superior; posterior)
iliac spine (superior; anterior)
iliac spine (inferior; posterior)
iliac spine (inferior; anterior)
Sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Body of ischium
Pubic body
Ischial spine
pubis
ischium
Ramus of pubis
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Obturator foramen
New term: Ramus = “branch”
EX: ischial ramus

9. Appendicular Sketches continue
Sketch #7: PELVIC GIRDLE (one sketch)
Lateral view
Label all structures listed in notes
Ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, iliac crest, iliac spines, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, obturator foramen
Sketch #8: FEMUR (two sketches)
Anterior and Posterior view
Head, greater and lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric crest, gluteal tuberosity, patellar surface, medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar notch

10. Which one is a female pelvis?
How can you tell the difference between a male and female pelvis? A B

11. Male vs Female Pelvis Female pelvis: Inlet is larger and more circular
Shallower
Bones are lighter and thinner
Sacrum is shorter and less curved
Ischial spines are shorter
Greater pubic arch; more rounded
Differences in shape and size result from variations in body size and muscle mass.
Some differences are adaptations for child-bearing (to support the weight of the fetus and to ease passage of baby during birth)

12. Male vs Female

13. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Thigh = femur
Leg = tibia and fibula
Foot = tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

14. The Femur Heaviest strongest bone in the body
Head of femur articulates with acetabulum of pelvis girdle
Neck of femur = common fracture site
Slants medially to join with the leg bones which brings the knees in line with the center of gravity
Structures to know: greater and lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric crest, gluteal tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles, intercondylar fossa (notch), patellar surface

15. The Femur Intertrochanteric crest Greater trochanter neck head Lesser
Gluteal tuberosity
Intercondylar
Fossa (notch)
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Patellar
surface

16. Appendicular Sketches continue
Sketch #7: PELVIC GIRDLE (one sketch)
Lateral view
Label all structures listed in notes
Ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, iliac crest, iliac spines, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, obturator foramen
Sketch #8: FEMUR (two sketches)
Anterior and Posterior view
Head, greater and lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric crest, gluteal tuberosity, patellar surface, medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar notch

17. The Leg Two bones connected by interosseous membrane
Tibia (shin) = larger, medial bone
Forms knee joint with femur
Medial malleolus forms the ankle
Fibula = thin and stick-like
No part in forming knee joint
lateral malleolus forms the ankle
Structures to know: medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, medial and lateral malleolus, tibiofibular joints, anterior crest,

18. Intercondylar Eminence
Lateral Condyle
Medial Condyle
Head (fibula)
Tibial Tuberosity
Proximal Tibiofibular joint
Interosseous membrane
Anterior Crest
Fibula
Tibia
Distal Tibiofibular joint
Medial Malleolus
Lateral Malleolus

19. The Foot Two important functions: Tarsals (7 bones)
Support of body weight
Serves as a lever to propel our body forward
Tarsals (7 bones)
Calcaneous = heel bone
Talus = “ankle” lies between the tibia and the calcaneous
Metatarsals (5 bones) = sole of foot
Phalanges (14 bones) = toes
Each toe has 3 phalanges except the big toe which has 2

20. The Foot

22. Arches of the Foot 3 arches Ligaments bind the foot bones together
Two longitudinal (medial and lateral)
One transverse
Ligaments bind the foot bones together
Tendons help hold the bones firmly in the arched position
Weak arches = “flat feet” or “fallen arches”

23. Appendicular Sketches continue
Sketch #7: PELVIC GIRDLE (one sketch)
Lateral view
Sketch #8/9: FEMUR (two sketches)
Anterior and Posterior view
Sketch #10: TIBIA and FIBULA (one sketch)
Anterior view
Sketch #11: Foot (one sketch)