1. Chapter 9 Review
Urban Geography

2. A. cities arose in the same places that were hearths for agriculture.
B. Agricultural surplus + Social Stratification =
- CITY
Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture and economics.

3. 5 Hearths of Urbanization

4. 1st Urban Revolution Formation of cities
Rural to Urban migration- the movement of people from the countryside to the city usually in search of :
1.) economic opportunities
2.)a better life (pull factors)

5. 2nd Urban Revolution
A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2. industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources

6. Rank Size Rule
in a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million
Real world example- Australia

7. Primate City
The leading city of a country. The city is disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the country.
For example: London, UK
Mexico City, Mexico
Paris, France
- the rank-size rule does not work for a
country with a primate city

8. Types of Cities Megalopolis- Boston to Washington D.C.
Megacity – Delhi
World City – New York, London, Tokyo
Gateway City – San Francisco
Forward capital – Brasilia
Edge City – Century City

9. Zones of the City Central business district (CBD)
Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)

10. Suburbanization
The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outer edges of the cities.
Starting around 1945, after WWII.
Causes:
1. the automobile
2. 40 hour work week
3. home loan structures = affordable to middle class.
4. now are the modern edge cities.

11. North American City Models
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model
(Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

13. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford)

14. African City (De Blij)

15. S.E.Asian City
McGee Model

17. Vocabulary
Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods.
Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes and low prices, to generate “white flight.”
Inner City Decay- parts of large urban areas that lose large portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. The inner city loses its tax base and becomes the center of poverty.
Gentrification – individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood.
Commercialization – city governments transform a central city to attract residents and tourists. The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark contrast to the rest of the central city.
Urban Sprawl- Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

18. Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller
a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed.