1. ECE 333 Renewable Energy Systems
Lecture 1:Introduction
Dr. Karl Reinhard
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

2. ECE 333 Teaching Staff Dr. Karl Reinhard TA Lesley Cheng
Office hours are as given in the syllabus

3. About Dr. Karl Reinhard Colonel, U.S. Army (retired) – 28+ years
Executive Officer to Director, Joint IED Defeat Organization (DoD)
Commander, 71st Ordnance Group (EOD)
HQ Dept of the Army EOD Staff Officer
Commander, 3d Ordance Battalion (EOD)

4. About Dr. Karl Reinhard Education
BS EE – United States Military Academy (’82)
MS EE University of Texas at Austin (’92)
PhD EE UIUC (’17) -- Power and Energy Systems
Masters Military Arts, U.S. Army War College (’05)
Licensed Professional Engineer (Virginia)
Taught ECE 333 (Sp ’17) and ECE 445 (Sp & Fa ’17)

5. About Dr. Karl Reinhard Personal Married Becky (2017) 4 children
Shawn, 28, UIUC 2015
Andrew, 26, UIUC 2014
Ellie, 15, 9th grade
Baylor, 14, 8th grade
Lived in Urbana (8 years)
Wife Sally passed away 2014
Father Served 28 years in Army
Lived in 10 states, 4 Countries
Moved 27 times

6. About Leslie Professional: Undergrad: UIUC
Grad: UIUC (started Fall 2017)
Part of Prof. Haran’s research group since Fall 2016
Non-professional:
Goes to the gym almost everyday and has an appetite to match
Headphone enthusiast
Thinks cold winters are the best season
Has a boot collection
Occasional baker
Me in the cold
Most worn in boots
Favorite headphones

7. Green Electric Energy Systems
(i.e. non-diminishing)
Course Focus: Sustainable Electric Energy sources  Solar & Wind
Emphasizing Electrical Engineering aspects
Systems perspective (i.e. Source to User chain; time/space)
Large-scale and distributed
Will not include
-- Nuclear -- Large-scale hydro Biological sources
Technical emphasis w/ relevant ethical and policy issues
Prerequisites: ECE 205 or ECE 210

8. What is Energy ??
Mechanical Macroscopic Translational & Rotational K.E. & P.E.
Thermal K.E. in microscopic particle motion
Electric P.E. stored in Electric fields
Magnetic P.E. stored in Magnetic fields
Radiant P.E. stored in fields propagated by EM radiation (incl. light)
Gravitational P.E. stored in Gravitational fields
Chemical P.E. stored in chemical bonds
Ionization P.E. binding an electron to its atom or molecule
Nuclear P.E. that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus
Elastic P.E. in material deformation exhibiting a restorative force

9. Estimated U.S. Energy Consumption 2016

10. What is Energy ?? Mechanical Electric Magnetic Gravitational Chemical
Macroscopic translational and rotational K.E. & P.E.
Electric
P.E. stored in E fields
Magnetic
P.E. stored in B fields
Gravitational
P.E. stored in gravitational fields
Chemical
P.E. stored in chemical bonds
Ionization
P.E. binding an electron to its atom or molecule
Nuclear
P.E. that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus
Elastic
P.E. in material deformation exhibiting a restorative force
Radiant
P.E. stored in fields propagated by EM radiation (incl. light)
Rest Mass
P.E. due to an object's rest mass
Thermal
K.E. in microscopic particle motion

11. Why is Energy Important?
To feel green?
To use less energy?
To have a higher standard of living?
To decrease our carbon dioxide emissions now? In the future?
To have more renewable energy?
To have less expensive energy?
To have jobs?
To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

12. What are our Energy Objectives?
To feel green?
To use less energy?
To have a higher standard of living?
To decrease our carbon dioxide emissions now? In the future?
To have more renewable energy?
To have less expensive energy?
To have jobs?
To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

13. Engineers Have Long Been “Green”
In 150 years, Lighting Efficacy has improved x 1000
Candle: lumens/watt
Incandescent bulb: ̎
LED bulb: ̎
J. Y. Tsao, "Solid-state lighting: lamps, chips, and materials for tomorrow," in IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, vol. 20, no. 3, pp , May-June 2004.

15. ECE 333 Syllabus Introduction / Electric Power Fundamentals
Electric Power Grid / Power Flow Introduction
Conventional Generation
Electric Power Economics
The Solar Resource
Photovoltaic Materials and Systems
Energy Storage
The Wind Resource
Wind Power Systems
Wind/Grid Integration
Smart Grid Integration Issues

16. Notation - Power Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
Installed U.S. generation capacity is about GW ( about 3 kW per person)
Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

17. Notation - Energy
Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system
Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu
One gallon of gas has about MBtu (36.5 kWh); one gallon ethanol as about Mbtu (2/3 that of gas)
U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

18. North America Interconnections

19. Electric Systems in Energy Context
Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system
Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation
Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used
Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

20. Looking at the 2013 Energy Pie: Where the USA Got Its Energy
About 82% Fossil Fuels
About 40% of our energy is consumed in the form of electricity, a percentage that is gradually increasing. The vast majority on the non- fossil fuel energy is electric!
In 2013 we got about 1.6% of our energy from wind and 0.3% from solar (PV and solar thermal), 0.2% from geothermal
1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency)
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

21. Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption
Energy in
Quads
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

22. Renewable Energy Consumption
2013 Data (Quad) Total: 9.3
Hydro: 2.6
Wood: 2.1 Bio: 2.0 Wind: 1.6 Waste: 0.5
Solar: 0.3 Geo: 0.2
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

23. Growth in US Wind Power Capacity
The quick development time for wind of 6 months to a year means that changes in federal tax incentives can have an almost immediate impact on construction
Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 3 Qtr, 2014

24. The World
Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012

25. The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2013 Data
China – 110.6
USA – 95.0
Europe – 81.4
Russia – 31.5
India – 23.9
Japan – 20.3
Africa – 17.3
Canada – 13.3
Brazil – 12.0
World total was about 529 Quad in 2012; Average per 100 Million people is about 7. If world used US average total consumption would be about 2150 quad!
Source: US DOE EIA

26. Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2011 data)
Iceland: Norway: 386.8
Kuwait: Canada: 393.7
USA: Australia: 276.9
Russia: France: 165.9
Japan: Germany: 165.4
UK: S. Africa: 115.3
China: Brazil:
Indonesia: India:
Pakistan: Nigeria:
Malawi: Chad:
Source

27. World Population Trends
Country %
Japan
Germany
Indonesia
USA
China
India
World
Source: values in millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

28. USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions are Down to mid 1990’s levels
Part of the reason for the decrease is due to low natural gas prices, which has caused greatly increased natural gas generation and less coal generation.
Source: US DOE EIA, US Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2013

29. Worldwide CO2 Emissions
Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to climb, from 23,700 billion metric tons in 2000 to 32,700 in 2012
Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010 (billion metric tons)
Country
2000
2012
USA
5861
5270
China
2850
8547
India
1002
1831
Russia
1499
1781
Japan
1201
1259
Europe
4459
4263

30. Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising
Value was about
280 ppm in 1800,
399 in 2014
Rate of increase is about 2 ppm per year
Source:

31. As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years
Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean; value for first 11 months of 2014 is about (about tied for highest)
Source:

32. Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate

33. Annual Temperatures for Illinois
Source :

34. But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends
Estimated surface temperature in Sargasso Sea (located in North Atlantic)
Europe was clearly
warmer in 1000AD; worldwide temperatures are more debated
Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007

35. Going Back a Few More Years

36. And a Few More – Mostly Very Cold!

37. Millions and Tens of Millions

38. And Where Might Temps Go?
Note that the models show rate of increase values of between 0.2 to 0.5 C per decade. The rate from 1975 to 2005 was about 0.2 C per decade.

39. Energy Economics
Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs
Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs (though cost of solar has decreased substantially recently)
Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
Coal, wind, hydro are in between
Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricity