1. Fractures dislocation
Hard tissue injuries
Fractures
dislocation

2. overview
Hard tissue injuries include any injury to the skeletal system:
fractures
dislocations
loss of teeth.
A fracture is the technical term for a broken bone
there are various types of fractures with various degrees of complication.
The other main hard tissue injury is a dislocation.
A dislocation is when a joint is displaced. There are some joints more susceptible to dislocation than others and dislocations always result in various soft tissue injuries as well.
Hard tissue injuries need to be assessed and managed quickly.
The first aid response of DRSABCD should always be followed
In sport TOTAPS is also likely to be used in the assessment of the injury to determine the nature and extent of the injury and if the athlete can continue to play.
Once a hard tissue injury is identified it should be immobilised and medical attention sought as soon as possible.

3. fractures Classification of fractures
comes in three (3) classifications:
Closed Fracture:
remains inside the body and does not pierce the skin.
most common broken bones that occur.
also known as simple fractures.
Open fracture:
a break that does pierce the skin so that bone can be seen.
also known as compound fractures, because there is more than one (1) issue that needs to be addressed (i.e. bleeding, open wound etc).
Complicated fracture:
where the bone causes further damage to major nerves, organs or blood vessels.
These are complicated because they can be life threatening and require immediate medical attention.

4. Types of fracture
Although there are three (3) classifications of a fracture, there are also many  different types of fractures.
These are the three (3) more common types:
A complete fracture breaks clean through the bone, so that there are now 2 parts
Comminuted fractures result in breaks to more than two (2) parts of the bone.
smashing of bone or simply multiple fractures in the one (1) bone.
An incomplete fracture/greenstick fracture does not break the whole way through the bone
bone is still in one piece, but has a break in it.

5. Fractures
Signs (what can be seen) and symptoms (what they feel and report):
Hearing or feeling a break
Hearing or feeling a grating of bone
Pain
Redness
Loss of function
Deformity
Bone protruding from skin

6. fractures Management: First aider is required to: Immobilise area
Reduce pain
Prevent further injury
Reduce bleeding and shock
First aider is required to:
Drsabcd
Control bleeding
Cover wounds
Check for other injuries
Keep them still
Immobilise injury
Seek medical attention

7. dislocations
A dislocation (or luxation) is when there is an abnormal separation in a joint between two (2) bones.
A dislocated joint results in much damage to the surrounding soft tissues including:
sprains to ligaments
strains to muscles (particularly the rotator cuff muscles).
A dislocation is often caused by excessive force and can be either a direct or indirect injury.
Joints that frequently dislocate are those found in the fingers, and ball and socket joints, such as the shoulder or hip.

8. dislocations Signs and Symptoms of Dislocation:
pain at the joint
swelling around the joint
bruising around the joint or just below the joint (gravity may cause the bruise to appear below the ankle for example)
deformity
tenderness
inability to move the joint properly
Often these injuries are readily identifiable as the athlete often will clutch at the joint and allow the rest of the limb to hang, or support their limb quickly to immobilise it.
For example, a rugby player who dislocates his shoulder will be seen holding his shoulder, while the arm hangs down or supporting his elbow while bending over.