1. The Scientific Revolution (1500s-1700s)
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2. New Ideas In Europe Scientific Revolution
Use of Scientific methodology and experimentation for discovering more about natural world
States a question, forms a hypothesis, make observations and conduct experiments, draw conclusions
This basically changed scientific thinking away from superstition and religious based reasoning.

3. Scientific Revolution
What was it?
the period roughly between 1500 and 1700 during which the foundations of modern science were laid down in Western Europe
Influenced by the Renaissance
Curiosity, investigation, and critical approach
Scholars no longer wanted to rely on the explanations that ancient or religious beliefs told them
People began experiments and mathematics to explain mysteries of the unknown
People move away from mysticism, superstition and ignorance

4. Who were some important figures?
Nicolas Copernicus:
Developed heliocentric theory
Dispelled old geocentric theory (earth is center of universe)
Johannes Kepler:
Discovered planetary motion
Galileo Galilee:
Used telescope to support/prove heliocentric theory
Challenge of the Church’s stance that Earth was the center of the universe was an essential aspect of the Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton:
Discovered Laws of Gravity
Formulated basics of physics
William Harvey:
Discovered circulation of the blood and expanded knowledge of how the heart worked
There were many more… too many to name

5. Pioneers of the scientific revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler: Discovered planetary motion
Galileo Galilei: Used telescope to support heliocentric theory
Isaac Newton: Discovered Laws of Gravity
William Harvey: Discovered circulation of the blood

6. Biology
William Harvey (English) – workings of heart and circulation system in pumping blood through body
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) – first to build and use microscope and discover one-celled organisms.
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish) – developed a system for naming and classifying plants and over 4,000 animals. Called Linnaeus’s model.

7. The Roots of Modern Science
The Medieval View
Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources.
Supports geocentric theory—moon, sun, planets revolve around earth

8. The Roots of Modern Science
A New Way of Thinking
Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking ( )
Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing the natural world—based on observation and inquiry
New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking
Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics.

9. Pioneers of the scientific revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory

10. Copernicus 1473 -1543 His “heliocentric” model of the universe removed
men from
the center of everything
His ideas were in direct conflict with the Bible and the accepted assumptions of the Catholic Church

11. Astronomy
Geocentric (earth at center of universe-sun travels around earth) vs. heliocentric (earth travels around sun-sun at center of universe)
Copernicus: (Polish) challenged geocentric viewpoint favored by Church and learned men of the time. Heresy! Not accepted until decades after his death.

12. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
The Heliocentric Theory
Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate
Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory—planets revolve around the sun
Later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct
Nicolaus
Copernicus

13. Johannes Kepler
student of Brahe
Discovered planetary motion
Elliptical, not circular…fan of Copernicus
His 3 new laws were based on mathematical relationships….

14. Astronomy
Kepler (German) – Proved Copernicus’s theories using math to show planets revolve around the sun.

15. Galileo Galilei ( )
Used telescope to support heliocentric theory and discover 4 moons of Jupiter

16. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Galileo’s Discoveries
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy.
He makes discovery about planet surfaces
supports heliocentric theory
4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter has 8 moons)
Sun spots
Galileo Galilei

17. Galileo and the Inquisition, 1633…
Conflict with the Church
Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith
Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong
On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

18. Isaac Newton: GRAVITY 1642-1726 (born same year Galileo died)
Removes last doubts over HELIOCENTRIC model of the universe

19. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
Newton’s Theories
English scientist Isaac Newton develops theory of motion—states some forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, and earth
LAW OF GRAVITY
Isaac Newton in 1689

20. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
Newton’s Theories (continued)
Motion in space and earth linked by the law of universal gravitation—holds that every object is universe attracts every other object
Newton views the universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock
Isaac Newton in 1702

21. Physics
Newton (English) – proved all objects in universe subject to same laws of motion.
Gravity (attraction of objects together) and inertia (resistance to change) were center points of his discoveries
Law of Inertia – a body at rest will stay at rest unless force is applied to make it move
A body in motion stays in motion unless some force causes it to stop or change direction

22. Physics
Newton’s laws showed gravitational pull of sun, movement of objects on earth
Greatest work was called Principia in which all his discoveries were published.
The universe likened to a clock whose parts worked perfectly according to strict, immutable scientific laws (God was clockmaker)

23. William Harvey:
Discovered circulation of the blood and the role of the heart

24. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Human Body
Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy
Andreas Vesalius

25. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Human Body (continued)
Edward Jenner produces world’s first vaccination—for smallpox

26. 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.

27. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Scientific Instruments
Scientists develop microscope, barometer, and thermometer
New instruments lead to better observations and new discoveries
microscope
thermometer
simple mercury barometer

28. How did they do this? Creation of the Scientific Method Ask a Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Result
Examples of tools they used:
Barometer Microscope
Telescope Thermometer

29. The Scientific Method A Logical Approach Bacon and Descartes
Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories
Bacon and Descartes
Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create scientific method
Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions
Descartes advocates using logic and math to reason out basic truths

30. The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
René Descartes ( )

31. What did this lead to?
Emphasis on reason and systematic study of nature
Explosion scientific knowledge and curiosity
Greatest leap in knowledge up until that point in time
Creation of scientific communities
Role of the Printing Press

32. What was the Scientific Revolution?
Beginning of modern science
Scientific method: Depends upon logic, observation, and reason rather than faith
Created the technologies and techniques that built the modern world
Created paradigm of our solar system

33. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Earth revolves around the sun
Book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric theory:
Sun is the center of the universe

34. Sir Francis Bacon ( )
Preferred inductive reasoning and facts over theory
Invented the scientific method

35. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) “I recant”
Invented the telescope, pendulum clock, thermometer, water pump, and sector
Discovered speed of acceleration for gravity

36. Johann Kepler (1571-1630) Brahe’s student for 20 years
Living during 30 years of war
Loved the planets and made it his life’s work to explain the motion of planets
Invented Three Laws of Planetary Motion

37. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) The Principia
Tied up the loose ends of Kepler and Galileo
Three Laws of Motion
Defined gravity and its laws
Invented optics and calculus

38. Rene Descartes (1595-1650) Deductive logic
Deduced the existence of God
Invented Cartesian geometry (xy axis)
“I think therefore I am”

39. Importance of the scientific revolution
Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
Formulation of the scientific method
Expansion of scientific knowledge

40. Rise of the Scientific Community
Developed the modern scientific method
Universe ordered according to natural laws
Discovered that scientific laws can be discovered by human reason
Took the role of a deity or god out of the study of the universe
Mechanical views of the universe
Deistic view of God

41. Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on
The experiences of past civilizations
Experimentation and observation
Emotions and feelings
The teachings of the Catholic Church
Answer is B.

42. Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution
Decline in population growth in Europe
Shift of power from Western Europe to Eastern Europe
Spread of feudalism throughout Western Europe
Expansion of European influence overseas
Answer is D

43. Which system developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution
Manorialism
Communism
Bartering
Market economy
Answer is D

44. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be
Acquired as markets and sources of raw materials
Considered an economic burden for the colonial power
Granted independence as soon as possible
Encouraged to develop their own industries
Answer is A.

45. Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and Rene´ Descartes?
The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened.
The scientific method was used to solve problems
Funding to education was increased by the English government.
Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed
Answer is B

46. Which was a characteristic of the policy of mercantilism followed by Spanish colonial rulers in Latin America?
The colonies were forced to develop local industries to support themselves
Spain sought trade agreements between its colonies and the English colonies in North America
The colonies were required to provide raw materials to Spain and to purchase Spanish manufactured goods
Spain encouraged the colonies to develop new political systems to meet colonial needs
Answer is C