1. Minerals
Inorganic substances that become part of the body or effect fluid and acid-base balance
Major minerals >5gms in body and >100mg/day intake, trace <5gms and <100mg
Based on DRI and UL for daily requirements with most being essential

4. Calcium
In a 150lb body, 3lb would be calcium, with 99% stores in bone and teeth
Mostly know for born formation and contractility of cardiac muscle
Also acts to convert platelets to thromboplastin and fibrinogen to fibrin in clotting
Vitamin D to absorb and regulated by phosphorous and thyroid, via parathyroid and calcitonin

11. Calcium
mg, mostly from dairy, green vegetables, and fortified orange juice
20-30% absorbed with age contributing to less bioavailability smoking, alcohol, race, sex, and DIET
Oxalates are salts that bind to calcium and limit absorption, peanuts, soy, and wheat germ
Phytates are insoluble compounds that reduce available calcium, teas, coffees, bran

13. Calcium Deficiency
Osteoporosis is low bone mineral density causing early fractures, prevented by bone development <30
Post-menopausal women have less estrogen which stimulates the thyroid, causing increased Ca turnover
Alkalosis by losing acid, intake of bicarb, or hyperventilation bind calcium ions to serum proteins
Bound Ca+ is inactive and can cause acute tetany, Arrythmia, and muscle cramps
Hypercalcemia often found in cancer patients, cause by hyperthyroidism and days regulation of bone metabolism

19. Phosphorous Occurs in bone, bone, cell membrane, and energy metabolism
Absorbed at 50-70%, 700mg/d, and regulated by vitamin D released by the kidney
Phosphoric acid increases parathyroid hormone for bone resorption
Hypophosphatemia, antacids, diabetes, refereeing syndrome, and CKD

25. Sodium
Major part of fluid balance, muscle function, and acid-base balance
95% absorbed, 1500mg/d, controlled by kidney resorption with the hormone aldosterone
Table salt is 40% Na, 60% Cl, average US intake is 3,300mg, mostly packaged foods
Sodium deficiency, diarrhea, vomiting, or CKD, with Hyponatremia mostly seen in fluid overload

33. Potassium
Significant in fluid balance and muscle contractility, especially cardiac function
85% absorbed, 4.7gm/d, with 95% intracellular and controlled by sodium concentration
Found in plants and fruits, salt substitutes, dairy and whole grains
Deficiency caused by fluid loss, diuretics, or diarrhea

42. Magnesium
Involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis, and cardiac muscle contractility
60% absorbed, 420mg/d, mostly found in green vegetables, and limited by phosphorus intake
Deficiency is associated with muscle cramps, high blood pressure, and migraines
To balance magnesium, in toxicity IV calcium gluconate is given

50. Iron
Heme iron found in red meat, fish, poultry which contain ferrous iron (active) form
Nonheme iron is found in plant sources which contain ferric iron (inactive), which is less bioavailable
Alcohol suppresses hepcidin which can lead to iron toxicity, while acidic food increase absorbtion
Calcium, oxalates, phytates, caffeine, and antacids can all decrease iron absorption

53. Iron
Recycled by the body by RBC turnover, the average storage of 3.5gm in the spleen as ferritin
Essential for hemoglobin, found in heme and myoglobin in muscle for transport of oxygen
Iron levels are balanced by absorption (10-35%) not excretion through hepcidin, regulated by the liver
Absorbed iron binds to apoferritin, then transported by transferritin to bone marrow to from hemoglobin

59. Iron 5% of worlds population is anemic, mostly from GI bleeding
Weakness, lethargy, dizziness, shortness of breath, stunted growth in children
Normal limits for Hgb 12-16gm, Hct 36-46%, with ferritin as the key indicator, not serum Fe+
Hemosiderin or Fe+ toxicity, found in cirrhosis or over consumption of supplements

64. Iodine
Active in thyroid function, for hormone synthesis of thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine which responds to TSH
With TSH release T3 and T4 increases oxidation, for metabolic rate affecting REE
Easily absorbed, 150mg/d, and excreted by stool output, or sweat
Best found in saltwater fish, table salt, and now fortified foods, less in Midwest states

68. Iodine
Deficiency causes goiter, and possibly hyperthyroidism which can affect newborns
Goitrogens such as cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli and block iodine absorption
Hypo/Hyper thyroidism can affect body weight, causing obesity/wt loss without excess KCALS