1. Introduction to the World of Computers

2. Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers?
Why do you need basic computer literacy?
How do we use computers in our lives?

3. When did it all begin? 1946 first computer created by Alan Turing
Invented a machine that cracked intercepted coded messages -- enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements
Up to the1980’s
Computers were large, expensive
Very few people had access to them
Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks
Microcomputers (PC’s) were created in the early 80s
Inexpensive personal computers
Computer use increased dramatically

4. Computers Then and Now First-generation computers (1946-1957)
Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes
Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a lot of heat
ENIAC
Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
First successful high-speed electronic digital computer
UNIVAC
First commercially successful electronic digital computer
Used magnetic tape

5. Computers Then and Now Second-generation computers (1958-1963)
Used transistors
Invented at Bell Laboratories
Replaced vacuum tubes
Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy- efficient, and more reliable
Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store data

6. Computers Then and Now Third-generation computers (1964-1970)
Used integrated circuits (ICs)
Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
Small chip containing thousands of transistors
Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter
Keyboards and monitors introduced

7. Generations 1,2,3
Vacuum tubes
Transistors
Circuit boards

8. Computers Then and Now Fourth-generation computers (1971-present)
Use microprocessors
Created by Intel Corporation
Small chip containing millions of transistors
Functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
IBM PC, Apple Macintosh
Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers
Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage
Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced

9. Altair 8800 The first personal computer Sold as a kit
Switches for input
Lights for output
Bill Gates and Paul Allen created a compiler for BASIC
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10. Apple I and Apple II
Apple I built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, followed by Apple II in 1977
Used Motorola processor
First fully contained microcomputer
Highly successful
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

11. Early Competitors Commodore PET 2001 Radio Shack’s TRS-80 The Osborne
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

12. IBM PC IBM entered the small-computer market in 1981
Released the IBM PC
64 KB of memory, expandable to 256 KB
Started at $1,565
Sold at retail outlets such as Sears and Computerland
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

13. Computers Then and Now: Fifth Generation Computers
Fifth-generation (now and the future)
Most commonly defined as being based on artificial intelligence (AI)
Voice and touch input are used today
Future computers may be different, such as:
Optical computers
Tiny computers that utilize nanotechnology
General-purpose computers built into everyday devices

14. Where are we today? Pervasive computing
Computers are everywhere and have become an integral part of our lives
Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities, such as to:
Check on living room television
Make telephone calls via a computer
View Internet content on a smartphone

15. Computing Devices in the Home
Smart homes and smart appliances
Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house or a smartphone
Appliances have built-in computer or communication technology
Computers are used for a variety of tasks:
Looking up information and news
Exchanging
Shopping and paying bills
Watching TV, videos, and movies
Downloading music and movies
Organizing digital photographs
Playing games
Making vacation plans

16. Computing Devices in Education
Most children and teens have used computers all their lives
Computer labs and classrooms
Most students today have access to computers at school
Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum
Some schools supply or require a device
Wireless hotspots
Allow students to access the Internet and campus resources
Distance learning
Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom setting using computers and Internet access

17. Computing Devices on the Job
Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool
Used by all types of employees
Used for decision-making, productivity, and communications
Used for access control and other security measures
Used by service professionals
Used extensively by the military
Often requires periodically updating computer skills
Some jobs exist because computers exist

18. What is it we need to have?
Computer literacy
understanding what a computer is and how it works
is an essential skill for everyone

19. What Is a Computer?
Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed
Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform
5 Basic Computer operations
Input: Entering data into the computer
Processing: Performing operations on the data
Output: Presenting the results (information)
Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use
Communications: Sending or receiving data

20. What does a computer do? Data Information Information processing
Raw, unorganized facts
Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video
Information
Data that has been processed into a meaningful form
Information processing
Converting data into information

21. Hardware associated with all five computer operations
Input devices
Used to input data into the computer
Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc.
Processing devices
Perform calculations and control computer’s operation
Central processing unit (CPU) and memory
Output devices
Present results to the user
Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.

22. Communications devices
Hardware associated with all five computer operations
Storage devices
Used to store data on or access data from storage media
Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc.
Communications devices
Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information
Modems, network adapters, etc.

23. Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer Internal hardware
Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer
External hardware
Located outside the system unit
Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection
Remember that there is hardware associated with all five computer operations

24. Hardware

25. Software
Software: The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do
Two types of software:
System software: Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation
Application software: Performs specific tasks or applications

26. Software System Software Application Software
Without OS computer cannot function
Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction
Most use a GUI to interact with the user via windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc.
Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc.
Creating letters, budgets, etc.
Managing inventory and customer databases
Editing photographs
Scheduling appointments
Viewing Web pages
Sending and receiving
Recording / playing CDs/DVDs
Designing homes
Playing games

27. Review Define COMPUTER What are the 5 basic operations What is data?
What is information?
What is hardware?
What hardware is used for each operation?
Input devices
Processing devices
Output Devices
Storage devices
Communication devices?

28. Computers to Fit Every Need
Six basic categories of computers:
Embedded computers
Mobile devices
Personal computers
Midrange servers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers

29. Category 1: Embedded Computers
Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product
Cannot be used as general-purpose
computers
Often embedded into:
Household appliances
Thermostats
Sewing machines
Cars

30. Category 2: Mobile Devices
Mobile device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability
Typically based on mobile phones
Typically have small screens and keyboards
Examples:
Smartphones
Handheld gaming devices
Tablets
Smart Watches

31. Inside the Industry Smartphone Driver Licenses
Several states are currently testing, and likely implementing, digital driver licenses (DDLs)
DDLs resemble your paper driver license, and contain the same information
DDLs are mobile apps that can contain additional features
Some issues need to be resolved before widespread use
A smartphone driver license.

32. Category 3: Personal Computers (PCs)
Personal computer: A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time
Also called a microcomputer
Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk
Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one
Can be PC- compatible or Macintosh
Not designed to be portable

33. Category 3 continued: Portable Computers
Notebook (laptop) computers: open to reveal keyboard and screen
Tablet computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets
Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC
Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers

34. Category 4: Servers
Server: A medium-sized (mid-range) computer used to host programs and data for a small network
Users connect via a network with a computer, thin client, or dumb terminal

35. Category 5: Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data
Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices
Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network
Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers
Usually operate 24 hours a day
Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers

36. Category 6: Supercomputers
Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer
Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible
Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers, supercomputing cluster
Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc.

37. Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer network: A collection of hardware and other devices that are connected together.
Users can share hardware, software, and data
Users can communicate with each other

38. What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web?
Internet: The largest and most well-known computer network in the world
Internet traffic consists of:
WWW
File Transfers
VoIP
To access Internet
Need a modem or network adapter
Might require a user name and password
Internet connection:
Direct (always-on) connections
Dial-up connections

39. Accessing a Network or the Internet
Communication on the Internet requires an address
4 resource types
IP address: Numeric address that identifies computers ( )
Domain name: Text-based address that identifies computer websites (microsoft.com)
Uniform resource locator (URL): Identifies specific Web pages (
address: Identifies people for exchange

40. Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
Protocols:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( is typically used to display Web pages ( is used for secure Web pages)
File Transfer Protocol (ftp://) is often used for file exchange

41. Technology and Society: Risks
Risks of a technology-oriented society include:
Stress and health concerns
Security issues
Computer viruses and malware
Identity theft and phishing
Privacy issues
Spam
How collected data is used
How secure the collected data is

42. Technology and Society: Online Communications
Differences in online communications
Less formal than traditional communications
Netiquette
Be polite and considerate of others
Refrain from offensive remarks
Abbreviations (acronyms) and emoticons are often used
Acronyms, such as BTW (by the way)
Emoticons (typically illustrations of faces), such as 

43. Review Define COMPUTER What are the 6 categories of computers
What are the 5 basic operations
What is hardware?
What hardware is used for each operation?
Input devices
Processing devices
Output Devices
Storage devices
Communication devices?

44. Review What is software? What are the two classifications of software?
Define a computer user?
Define a computer network?
Is the Internet a network?
Is the Internet the World Wide Web (WWW)?