1. Texas and the Civil War

3. Texas Joins the Confederacy
1860 – Abraham Lincoln elected president
He received no electoral votes from the south because many southerners believed he supported abolition
After the election, South Carolina seceded (formally withdraw) from the Union
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana also seceded

4. Texas Joins the Confederacy
Many Texas leaders called for a meeting of the legislature to consider secession
This angered Unionists – people who wanted to stay in the Union and work out differences about slavery
One out of four Texans were Unionists
Governor Sam Houston tried to delay the meeting
Delegates at the secession convention voted to secede
Statewide vote – February 23, 1861 – voted to secede
March 2, 1861 – Texas became the seventh state to secede from the U.S.

5. The Confederacy February 1861 – Montgomery, Alabama
Confederate States of America
Wrote a constitution
Emphasized the sovereignty (supremacy) of the states and the right of people to hold slaves
Jefferson Davis – elected president

8. The Confederacy March 5, 1861 – Texas Secession Convention was held
Created a new state constitution
Same as the 1845 constitution, just removed the U.S.
Governor Houston refused to take oath of allegiance to the Confederacy
He was removed from office
Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark replaced Houston

9. Convention Results:
For: 166
Against: 8
Statewide Results:
For: 46,153
Against: 14,747

10. Governor Sam Houston
“Let me tell you what is coming. Your fathers and husbands, you sons and brothers, will be herded at the point of the bayonet. You may, after the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure and hundreds of thousands of lives, as a bare possibility, win southern independence … but I doubt it. The North is determined to preserve this Union.”

11. The Civil War Begins

12. A Call to Arms 25,000 Texans were in the Confederate Army
Joined regiments (1,000 soldiers)
Terry’s Texas Rangers
Hood’s Texas Brigade
Ross’s Texas Brigade
Many officers contributed to the Confederate army also
Albert Sidney Johnston
James W. Throckmorton

13. Texas Readies for War Texas troops were ill equipped
A force led by Ben McCulloch was able to capture military supplies from the U.S. Army general in San Antonio
Industries to get ready for war
Gunpowder mill (Austin)
Cannons and ammunition (Tyler)
Iron foundries (Jefferson and Rusk)
Cloth – prisoners at Huntsville
Saddles, tents, uniforms, and wagons
Cattle, cotton, and food crops (corn)

14. Resources and Strategies
North advantages
Larger population
More railroads
More factories to produce weapons and supplies
Established government to raise money for war
South advantages
Experienced military leaders
Experience in riding horses and using firearms (cavalry)

17. Total U.S Population: 31,443,321
Total Texas Population: 604,215
South: 9,101,090

19. Resources and Strategies
South strategy
Beginning – stay on the defensive, wear down the Union
War supplies from Europe
Gain foreign support (Great Britain) – cotton diplomacy
North strategy
Naval blockade (to conquer the large amount of territory)
Take control of the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in two

21. Resources and Strategies
Three theaters (or regions) of war
East (Washington D.C and Richmond, VA)
Tennessee and Mississippi
West of the Mississippi River
Texans fought in all three

22. The Major Battles of the Civil War
The major battles took place east of the Mississippi River
July 1861 – Union troops marched south to capture Richmond; First Battle of Bull Run
Confederate troops held off Union attacks for the following year
Battle of Antietam – Robert E. Lee’s army clashed with Union forces in Maryland, Union victory (Sept. 1862)
Gettysburg – PA, Union victory (July 1-3, 1863)
Lee was on the defensive for the rest of the war

23. The Major Battles of the Civil War
Mississippi River Valley
Battle of Shiloh (April 1862) – Ulysses S. Grant; Union victory
Vicksburg, Mississippi – important because of control of the traffic on the river
Grant began the six-week Siege of Vicksburg
Ironclads – ships heavily armed with iron
The town surrendered on July 4, 1863
The Confederacy was split in two

26. Campaigns in Texas

27. Fighting at Galveston Island
By the summer of 1862, the Union navy had blockaded Texas ports
General John G. Magruder, the commander of Confederate forces in Texas, made plans to recapture Galveston
Magruder’s men converted two steamboats to gunboats
Lined the sides of the boats with cotton bales – cottonclads
Troops commanded by Tom Green boarded the ships
Other soldiers prepared for an attack from the mainland
January 1, 1863 – the attack began
The Confederacy was able to defeat the Union forces and regain control of Galveston

29. The Battle of Sabine Pass
In September 1863, Union troops set sail from New Orleans
General William B. Franklin and about 4,000 troops planned to invade Texas through Sabine Pass, march overland to Houston, and the capture Galveston
Confederate lieutenant Richard Dowling and about 45 soldiers (Davis Guards) were to protect the pass

30. The Battle of Sabine Pass
Fort Griffin
September 8, 1863
Confederate victory
Helped restore southern confidence

31. The Coast and South Texas
Union General Nathanial Banks captured Brazos Island
Wanted to capture Brownsville and stop trade between Texas and Mexico
Texans transported cotton into Mexico and from Mexico shipped the cotton overseas in order to get supplies
Union troops captured Brownsville in November 1863

32. The Coast and South Texas
Banks split his forces
One group captured Matagorda Island and occupied Indianola
Colonel Edmund J. Davis of Texas, led the other group of Union soldiers to capture Rio Grande City
Davis’s attack on Laredo failed
Santos Benavides – the highest ranking Mexican American to serve in the Confederate army, turned back to attack

33. The Coast and South Texas
Union forces were called away from Brownsville and Colonel John S. Ford quickly recaptured the town for the Confederacy

34. The Red River Campaign
Union troops had left Brownsville to take part in the Red River Campaign
Union leaders wanted to invade northeastern Texas from Louisiana along the Red River
April 8, 1864 – General Richard Taylor intercepted Banks at Sabine Crossroads
April 18, 1864 – Confederate forces also turned back Union attacks at Poison Springs, Arkansas

37. The Texas Home Front

38. The Wartime Economy and the Draft
Texas faced hardships during the Civil War.
Goods became expensive and scarce
Newspapers stopped operation because lack of paper
Short supply of medicines
Used thorns for pins and wallpaper for writing papers
Instead of coffee, used corn, okra, parched peanuts, or sweet potatoes to make drinks
More homespun clothing

39. The Wartime Economy and the Draft
Farmers grew corn and wheat and less cotton to feed the army
Crop production increased because slaveholders sent their slaves to Texas to prevent their being freed by Union troops
Women and children ran farms and plantations
Women also worked in small factories, made items at home, and created groups to support the war efforts

40. The Wartime Economy and the Draft
Politicians also focused on the war effort
Francis R. Lubbock was elected governor in 1861 and joined the Confederate army in 1863
Pendleton Murrah was elected governor in 1863
Both governors struggled with state debts, defending the frontier against raids by Indians, and raising troops for the Confederacy.

41. The Wartime Economy and the Draft
In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed a draft, or requirement of military service
All white males between the ages of 18 and 35 had to serve (later 17 to 50)
Men could buy their way out of service or provide a substitute
“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”

42. The End of the War

43. The War Draws to a Close
After the Battle of Gettysburg and the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, Union forces moved into the South
In 1864, Lincoln ordered Grant to take command in the eastern theater
Grant moved his army into eastern Virginia and engaged Lee’s troops in a series of battles
Grant continued to Richmond

44. The War Draws to a Close
Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led an army south from Tennessee toward Atlanta, an important railroad center
Sherman captured Atlanta and set out for Savannah
As his troops marched through Georgia, they destroyed crops, livestock, and railroads

46. The War Draws to a Close
General John Bell Hood of Texas was unable to stop Sherman
Sherman completed his March to the Sea in December 1864
Grant was pursuing Lee
In April 1865, Union forces surrounded Lee’s army near the town of Appomattox Courthouse, VA.
Lee met with Grant on April 9 and agreed to the Union’s terms of surrender.

48. Battle at Palmito Ranch
Word of Lee’s surrender reached Brownsville in May 1865
Many soldiers left to return home
General E. Kirby Smith urged the war to continue
On May 12, Union soldiers moved inland to occupy Brownsville
The next day, Union and Confederate soldiers clashed at Palmito Ranch
John S. Ford
The Confederate troops won the battle and took 100 prisoners
The last land battle of the Civil War was a Confederate victory, but the South had already lost the war.

49. Consequences of the War
620,000 Americans lost their lives in the Civil War, making it the deadliest conflict in U.S. history
90,000 Texans served
Many soldiers suffered serious injuries

50. Consequences of the War
Economy:
Cotton trade nearly stopped
Deaths of many men put hardships on businesses, farms, and plantations
Politics:
Governor Murrah and other officials fled to Mexico after the war
State government collapsed
No order

51. Consequences of the War
Social:
Enslaved Texans saw the war as a struggle for freedom
African Americans in Texas wondered about their future
In 1863, President Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation – stated that slaves were free in those areas rebelling against the U.S.
250,000 freed slaves in Texas were uncertain what would happen next

53. Francis Lubbock
John Bell Hood
John Reagan
John Magruder
Thomas Green

55. Civil War Fort Sumter Anaconda Plan Texas in the Civil War
Lee Surrenders to Grant