1. JOSE CABRERA
ARCH2431
PROF. PAUL KING
FOURD FOUNDATION GROUP
FINAL PRESENTATRION

2. HISTORY
Curtainwall first appeared on the scene in 1918; by the mid-1930s, new technology paved the way for developments in metal curtainwall panels. After World War II, metal and glass curtainwall systems started appearing on commercial and institutional buildings. Large areas of glass became possible in the 1950s with the newly invented float process. Insulated glazing, air-conditioning, and insulation technology helped solve the heating and cooling issues that accompanied large areas of vision glass.

3. Many factors affect the performance of curtainwall and can lead to deterioration and failure if not addressed.
A curtainwall is the façade element that forms the weather barrier for the building without supporting the structure. It can have many different appearances, but typically has narrowly spaced vertical and horizontal mullions with glass, stone, metal, or composite panels. When designed properly, it is beautiful and highly functional in keeping the elements out and the temperate environment in.
They’re unique, aesthetically pleasing, and provide a barrier to the elements: Curtainwall systems have not only evolved, they’ve grown increasingly popular in building construction. In a nutshell, a curtainwall literally hangs from a structure like curtains hang on a wall. A curtainwall system is any exterior wall that is attached to the building structure (but is not load-bearing).

4. TYPES CURTAIN WALL:
Curtain walls can be defined as non-structural aluminum-framed walls, containing infills of glass, thin stone, or metal panels that are connected back to the building structure. There are two main categories of curtain walls:
Unitized curtain walls.
Stick-built systems.

5. UNITIZED CURTAIN WALLS:
Is a type of frame-supporting curtain wall consisting of framing components and panel materials. Where framing components and panel materials are assembled into a single curtain wall unit at the factory.

7. STICK SYSTEMS:
The vast majority of ground-floor curtain walls are installed as long pieces (referred to as sticks) between floors vertically and between vertical members horizontally. Framing members may be fabricated in a shop, but installation and glazing is typically performed at the jobsite.

8. STICK SYSTEM EXTERIOR PICTURE:
Question: how do you know which one is right for your building? .

9. Unitized curtain systems:
ADVANTAGE:
Glass units are created and glazed within a factory and then sent to the construction site.
High quality, due to tight tolerances of fabrication in a climate-controlled environment is only one hallmark of this type of system.
Another major benefit of using a unitized system is the speed of installation.
The system can be installed in a third of the time of a stick-built system.
DISADVANTAGE:
Higher field labor costs (thereby shifting the labor to a more cost-effective factory work force).
Takes the 6 moth to a year to make the assemble in the factory.
Transportation costs more than the other system.

10. stick-built system:
Because it is installed on the side you can work with Long pieces of aluminum.
One of the benefits of stick-built systems is its economic friendliness for facades that have lower required volumes and many complicated conditions.
The lead times for these types of systems are often much shorter for fabricated materials to be delivered to the site and allow for less up front staging.
This is shorter in comparison to a unitized system, where six months to a year can be required for this process.
DISADVANTAGE:
However, the trade-off is that the installation takes longer to complete on- site. You also need a significant amount of space for installation and storage of material on the site, which can be difficult in many high-traffic cities with tight job sites.

11. CURTAIN WALL HIGHT PERFORMANCE WHEN WE USED ALUMINUM AS MATERIAL(NY CODE 1994:
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS:
Air Infiltration: shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E283. Infiltration shall not exceed .06 CFM per square foot (.0003m3/ sm2) fixed area when tested at 6.24 psf (300 Pa).
Water Infiltration: shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E331. No water penetration at test pressure of 15 psf.
Structural Performance: shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E330 and based on:
• Maximum deflection of L/175 of the span.
• Allowable stress with a safety factor of The system shall perform to this criteria under a wind load of (Specify) psf. System shall exceed maximum seismic lateral displacement requirements specified in section of the Uniform Building Code, 1994 edition

12. Thermal Performance: Series HP3253 shall be tested in accordance with NFRC. NFRC's Condensation Resistance rating is NOT equivalent to a Condensation Resistance Factor (CRF) determined in accordance with AAMA 1503, and NFRC-100.
Testing Procedures: ASTM 283, E 331, and E Laboratory performance testing. AAMA Newly installed curtain walls. AAMA Installed curtain walls after six months.
FABRICATION
All mullions and horizontals shall have flexible polyurethane thermal break material located on exterior side of glass plane. Exterior glazing seal gasket shall be secured by extruded aluminum pressure plates fastened to main grid members. Provisions shall be made at all sealed horizontals to weep moisture accumulation to the exterior.
System shall provide for two piece horizontal framing so that all fasteners at intersection of horizontal and vertical members will be concealed

13. SKETCHES AND DETAILS:

14. SKETCHES AND DETAILS:

15. SKETCHES AND DETAILS:

16. SKETCHES AND DETAILS:

18. COLOR CODING DIAGRAMS WATHER PROOFING. STRUCTURAL. FIREPROOFING.
THERMAL BROKEN.

19. COLOR CODING DIAGRAMS WATHER PROOFING. STRUCTURAL. FIREPROOFING.
THERMAL BROKEN.
ELEVATION

20. COLOR CODING DIAGRAMS WATHER PROOFING. STRUCTURAL. FIREPROOFING.
THERMAL BROKEN.

21. THIN STONE WALL SYSTEMS
Thin stone wall systems used for exterior building envelopes typically consist of stone panels ranging in thickness from 3/4 inches to 2 inches. Most panels are fabricated from granite, while marble; limestone, travertine, and sandstone are also used to a lesser extent. A common panel thickness is 1-3/16 inch (3 cm). Overall panel dimensions can vary significantly for different buildings, depending on the strength of the stone used and architectural affect desired. However, maximum panel dimensions are usually approximately 3 to 4 feet and usually not more than approximately 6 feet. Typically each panel is independently supported to the building structure or back up system using an assemblage of metal components and anchors. Joints at the perimeter of each panel are usually 3/8 inch in width and are filled with sealant.A drainage cavity is typically located behind the stone panels to collect and divert to the exterior water that penetrates through the joints.

22. Stone Curtain Walls
Stone Panels and Extruded Aluminum Supports
Anchor close-up. Note the resilient cushioning material where the anchor is slotted into the stone
This image also illustrates several construction deficiencies:
The fasteners appear to be offset so far to one side of the anchor and its shims that the clip may not remain stable when fully loaded by the weight of the next panel above
The continuity of the weather-resistive/air barrier has been interrupted by electrical conduit routed in the space behind the stone

23. Corner condition of the stone panels curtain wall system

24. THE STONE SYSTEM CAN BE CONNECTED TO DIFFERENT METAL
THE STONE SYSTEM CAN BE CONNECTED TO DIFFERENT METAL. HOWEVER, THE MOST COMMOM IS ALUMINIUM. THIS BECAUSE IT IS LESS LIKELY TO RUST AND IT WEIGHT LESS THAN OTHER MATERIALS. THIS MATERIAL IS DESIGNED TO COME IN DIFFERENT SHAPES DEPENDING ON THE MANUFACTURER AND THE WEIGHT IT WILL CARRY

28. SKETCHES, DETAILS AND PICTURES:

29. COLOR CODING DIAGRAMS WATHER PROOFING. STRUCTURAL. FIREPROOFING.
THERMAL BROKEN.
PLANT VIEW
ELEVATION

30. COLOR CODING DIAGRAMS WATHER PROOFING. STRUCTURAL. FIREPROOFING.
THERMAL BROKEN.

38. THANK YOU!!!

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Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
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