1. Emile Zola

2. Naturalism Flaubert - Realism Taine - Positivism:
Application (art + science) = reproduction of reality
- Deterministic theory: man is the product of heredity, historical conditioning, and environment

3. (time, race, milieu) are three principal motives or conditioning factors behind any work of art.
Taine sought to establish a scientific approach to literature through the investigation of what created the individual who created the work of art.
Claude Bernard - Introduction à la Médecine Expérimentale (1865)

4. Zola: LE ROMAN EXPÉRIMENTAL (1880)
- Observation, experimentation
- Man is influenced by 3 factors:
. time
. heredity
. social conditions

5. - Les Rougon Macquart, the natural and social history of a family under the Second Empire. (1868)
- GERMINAL (1885)
- J'ACCUSE (1898)
Alfred Dreyfus (Devil's Island).