1. How can we save a video file?

2. What is „container“? And what is „codec“?
Multimedia container
video stream
audio
- cze
audio - eng
video angle 2/3
audio - ger
video angle 3/3
audio - ru
subt.- ru
subt. - hu

3. Multimedia container
A container format is a computer file format that can contain various types of data, compressed by means of standardized audio/video codecs.
The container file is used to identify and interleave the different data types.
Simpler container formats can contain different types of audio codecs, while more advanced container formats can support multiple audio and video streams, subtitles, chapter-information, and meta-data (tags) - along with the synchronization information needed to play back the various streams together.

4. Codec (coder-decoder)
A codec is a device or computer program (algorithm) for encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal.
Codec is a portmanteau of coder-decoder or, less commonly, compressor-decompressor.
A codec encodes a data stream or signal for transmission, storage or encryption, or decodes it for playback or editing.
Codecs are used in videoconferencing, streaming media, and video editing applications.

5. Multimedia containers
Audio Video Interleaved (also Audio Video Interleave),
known by its initials AVI, is a multimedia container format
introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its
Video for Windows software.
AVI files can contain both audio and video data in a file
container that allows synchronous audio-with-video
playback. Like the DVD video format, AVI files support
multiple streaming audio and video, although these
features are seldom used.
Most AVI files also use the file format extensions developed
by the Matrox OpenDML group in February 1996.
These files are supported by Microsoft, and are
unofficially called "AVI 2.0".
MPEG Program stream (PS or MPEG-PS) is a container
format for multiplexing digital audio, video and more.
The PS format is specified in MPEG-1 Part 1 and MPEG-2
Part 1,
The MPEG-2 Program Stream is analogous and similar
to ISO/IEC Systems layer and it is forward compatible.
Program streams are used on DVD-Video discs and HD DVD
video discs, but with some restrictions and extensions.
The filename extensions are VOB and EVO respectively.
MPEG transport stream (MPEG-TS, MTS or TS)
is a standard container format for transmission and storage
of audio, video, and Program and System Information
Protocol (PSIP) data.
It is used in broadcast systems such as DVB, ATSC and IPTV.
Transport Stream is specified in MPEG-2 Part 1,
Transport stream specifies a container format encapsulating
packetized elementary streams, with error correction and
stream synchronization features for maintaining transmission
integrity when the signal is degraded.
Transport streams differ from the similarly named program streams in several
important ways: program streams are designed for reasonably reliable media,
such as discs (like DVDs), while transport streams are designed for less reliable
transmission, namely terrestrial or satellite broadcast.
Further, a transport stream may carry multiple programs. .
Multimedia containers
Advanced Systems Format (formerly Advanced Streaming
Format, Active Streaming Format) is Microsoft's proprietary
digital audio/digital video container format, especially
meant for streaming media.
The format does not specify how (i.e. with which codec)
the video or audio should be encoded; it just specifies
the structure of the video/audio stream. This is similar to
the function performed by the QuickTime, AVI, or Ogg
container formats. One of the objectives of ASF was to
support playback from digital media servers, HTTP servers,
and local storage devices such as hard disk drives.
RealMedia
is a proprietary multimedia container format
created by RealNetworks. Its extension is ".rm".
It is typically used in conjunction with RealVideo
and RealAudio and is used for streaming content over
the Internet. Typically these streams are in CBR (constant
bitrate), but a container for VBR (variable bitrate) streams,
named RMVB (RealMedia variable bitrate), has been
developed.
MOV is an MPEG-4 video container and also a common
multimedia format using a proprietary compression
algorithm developed by Apple Computer.
It is mainly used in Apple's Quicktime for saving movies
and other video files, , compatible with both Macintosh
and Windows platforms.
AVI
MPEG-PS
MPEG-TS
Advanced Systems Format
QuickTime
RealMedia
Matroska
MP4 (standard MPEG-4 Part 14, extension .mp4, based on QuickTime)
3GP, 3GP2 (based on QuickTime, for mobile devices)
Ogg (extensions .ogv, .ogg)
Flash Video (ext. .flv, for Adobe Flash Player)
VOB (based on MPEG-PS, used for DVD video)

6. Matroska
The Matroska Multimedia Container is an open standard free container format, a file format that can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file. It is intended to serve as a universal format for storing common multimedia content, like movies or TV shows. Matroska is similar in concept to other containers like AVI, MP4, or Advanced Systems Format (ASF), but is entirely open in specification, with implementations consisting mostly of open source software. Matroska file extensions are .MKV for video (with subtitles and audio), .MK3D for stereoscopic video, .MKA for audio-only files, and .MKS for subtitles only.
"Matroska" is derived from Matryoshka (Russian: матрёшка [mɐˈtrʲɵʂkə]), which refers to the hollow, wooden, "Russian doll", or Matryoshka doll, that opens to expose another doll that in turn opens to expose another doll, and so on. The logo uses "Matroška", with the caron over the "s", as the letter š represents the "sh" sound (as in "Matryoshka") in the Slavic languages in which it is used.

7. DivX media format
DivX 6 expanded the scope of DivX from including just a codec and a player by adding an optional media container format called "DivX Media Format" ("DMF") (with a .divx extension) that includes support for the following DVD-Video and VOB container like features. This media container format is used for the MPEG-4 Part 2 codec.
DivX Media Format (DMF) features:
Interactive video menus
Multiple subtitles (XSUB)
Multiple audio tracks
Multiple video streams (for special features like bonus/extra content, just like on DVD-Video movies)
Chapter points
Other metadata (XTAG)
Multiple format
Partial backwards compatibility with AVI

8. Video Codecs MPEG - 1 MPEG - 2 DV DivX XviD Indeo Video 5
H264 AVC (MPEG – 4)
H265 HEVC (MPEG - 4)

9. MPEG - 1
MPEG-1 is a standard for lossy compression of video and audio. It is designed to compress VHS-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively).
Development of the MPEG-1 standard began in May Fourteen video and fourteen audio codec proposals were submitted by individual companies and institutions for evaluation.

10. MPEG - 2
MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems.
It also specifies the format of movies and other programs that are distributed on DVD and similar discs. TV stations, TV receivers, DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this standard.
MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) and is an international standard (ISO/IEC 13818).

11. DV
DV was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders.
The original DV specification, known as Blue Book, was standardized within the IEC 61834 family of standards. These standards define common features such as physical videocassettes, recording modulation method, magnetization, and basic system data.

12. Indeo Video
Indeo Video (commonly known now simply as "Indeo") is a video codec developed by Intel in 1992.
It was sold to Ligos Corporation in While its original version was related to Intel's DVI video stream format, a hardware-only codec for the compression of television-quality video onto compact discs, Indeo was distinguished by being one of the first codecs allowing full-speed video playback without using hardware acceleration.

13. H264 - AVC
H.264 is a popular standard for high definition digital video.
A codec based on the H.264 standard compresses a digital video file so that it only uses half the space of MPEG-2 (the DVD standard), to deliver the same quality video.
This means you can enjoy stunning HD video the way it was meant to be seen without sacrificing speed or performance.

14. H HEVC
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a video compression standard, one of several potential successors to the widely used AVC (H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10). In comparison to AVC, HEVC offers about double the data compression ratio at the same level of video quality, or substantially improved video quality at the same bit rate. It supports resolutions up to 8192×4320, including 8K UHD.

15. MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)

16. MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)

17. MPEG-4 HEVC (H.265)

18. MPEG-4 HEVC (H.265)

19. MPEG-4 HEVC (H.265)

20. MPEG-4 HEVC (H.265) High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, H.265)
From 2013
resolution to x pixelů
applicable for 4K (Ultra HD) a 8K television
The same quality, but half datarate

21. Codecs in your computer

22. Compression
Spatial (or intraframe) compression takes place on each individual frame of the video, compressing the pixel information as though it were a still image.
Temporal (or interframe) compression happens over a series of frames and takes advantage of areas of the image that remain unchanged from frame to frame, throwing out data for repeated pixels.

23. MPEG video compresion

24. Key frames
A key frame, also known as an "Intra-frame", is a frame in which a complete image is stored in the data stream.
In video compression, only changes that occur from one frame to the next are stored in the data stream, in order to greatly reduce the amount of information that must be stored.

25. MPEG compression There are three kinds of frames: I – (intraframe)
P – (predicted frame)
B – (bidirectional)

26. MPEG compression Frame sequence in MPEG-1 codec:
I B B P B B P B B P B B I B B …
But in files, there is different order!
I1 P4 B2 B3 P7 B5 B6 P10 B8 B9 …

27. MPEG compresion

28. MPEG compresion

29. MPEG-4 HEVC (H.265)

30. MPEG-4 HEVC (H.265)

31. Intra frame compression

32. Intra frame compression

33. Only changes are stored

35. Data rate (Bit rate)
Remember that 1 byte consists of 8 bits. Video data rates are given in bits per second. The data rate for a video file is the bitrate. So a data rate specification for video content that runs at 1 megabyte per second would be given as a bitrate of 8 megabits per second (8 mbps).
The bitrate for an HD Blu-ray video is typically in the range of 20 mbps, standard-definition DVD is usually 6 mbps, high-quality web video often runs at about 2 mbps, and video for phones is typically given in the kilobits (kbps).
For example, these are the targets we usually see for H.264 streaming: LD 240p 3G H.264 baseline profile 350 kbps (3 MB/minute) LD 360p 4G H.264 main profile 700 kbps (6 MB/minute) SD 480p H.264 main profile 1200 kbps (10 MB/minute) HD H.264 high profile 2500 kbps (20 MB/minute) HD H.264 high profile 5000 kbps (35 MB/minute)

36. How to set data rate? Movie 90 minutes = 5400 s
1 CD 700 MiB = 700 x 1024 x 1024 = byte
x 8 bit =
= bit = Kibit
Data rate Kibit / 5400 s =
= 1061,93 Kib/s
or kb / 5400 s = kbps
Audio … MP3 …… 128 kbps = 16 kB/s
Video … rate – audio = 1087 kbps – 128 kbps = 959 kbps
So, I set data rate on 955 kbps