1. Carl Jung

2. Biography
Born in 1875 in Switzerland to a poor country pastor and his wife
Had trouble talking with father
Viewed Mom as both good and bad
Very lonely, introverted child with strange ideas, dreams, and visions that he viewed as valuable communications with the paranormal
May have suffered childhood psychosis; still debated

3. Career and relationship with Freud
Became a medical doctor who specialized in psychiatry
Met Freud in 1907 and quickly became close with him
Association with Freud ended in 1913 over Freud’s preoccupation with sexuality
The break left both men devastated.
Jung began a period of self-analysis and writing in “The Red Book”
He developed his own school of thought called analytical psychology.

4. The Levels of the Psyche
The Conscious Ego: similar in scope and meaning to Freud’s concept of the ego
The Personal Unconscious: contains thoughts and feelings that aren’t currently part of conscious awareness. Thoughts are sometimes repressed but sometimes they’re just not consciously being thought about.
The Collective Unconscious: a deeper level of unconsciousness made up of powerful emotional symbols called archetypes common to all people; “inherited” from ancestors.

5. Archetypes
There are as many archetypes as there are personal experiences.
The universal and prototypical images, objects, and types of people or experiences that our ancestors have encountered through the generations and have gained importance due to the significant role they play in day to day living
Imprinted in our psyche
As many as there are personal experiences
Most commonly manifest themselves in our dreams
When attached to personal experiences can make a complex
Believed these could take control of the personality if too prominent
Believed groups could project the meaning of archetypes

6. Common Archetypes Anima/Animus Magician/trickster Child-God Mother
Wise old man
Hero
Demon
Shadow
Persona
Hermaphrodite

7. Complexes
A complex is a group of emotionally charged feelings, thoughts, and ideas that are related to a particular theme.
The strength of any given complex is determined by its libido, or “value.”
The complex has constellating power—it has the ability to draw new ideas into itself and interpret them. Like a magnet that draws related experiences.
Have important implications in interpersonal relationships (how we react towards others).

8. Functions Jung posited four functions of the mind:
Sensing (Is something there?)
Thinking (What is it that’s there?)
Feeling (What’s it worth?)
Intuiting (Where did it come from, and where is it going?)
All four of these functions are present in all humans, but one usually dominates.

9. Sensing and Thinking Sensing
Getting info through the senses (senses something is there but not what it is)
Good at looking, listening to, and getting to know the world
An irrational function
Occurs on the conscious level
Thinking
Evaluating info rationally and logically (therefore a rational function)
Gives names to objects sensed.

10. Feeling and Intuiting Feeling
Evaluating info by weighing one’s overall, emotional response
Judges value to an individual and whether good or bad
Occurs on the unconscious level
A rational function
Intuiting
Perception outside the usual conscious processes
Provides hunches when factual info is not available
Based on the complex integration of large amounts of information
An irrational function

11. Attitudes Jung also posited two major attitudes: Extraversion
Introversion
He considered both of these to be separate and opposing constructs, although they’re both present in each person. One usually dominates.

12. Jung's Typology Eight combinations of the functions and attitudes
Form the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Jung considered himself to be an intuitive introvert.

15. Alfred Adler

16. Biography Born in 1870 in Vienna
Second child of the family; older brother was Sigmund, younger brother, Rudolph, died in childhood
Was a frail child who had several brushes with death
Became a doctor to learn how to defeat death
Graduated from the University of Vienna in 1895 and set up his own practice
Married Raissa Epstein and had four children

17. Disagreements with Freud
1902: invited to join Freud’s Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and eventually became president of it
1911: left the group because of heated disagreements with Freud and the others over the idea that pleasure and sexuality were the prime motivators for humans
Set up his own society called the Society for free Psychoanalysis (later changed to the Society for Individual Psychology).

18. Individual Psychology
Adler named his theory “Individual Psychology” because he believed that human motivations were complex and unique to the individual.
He thought humans were motivated by their perceived niche in society.
Like Jung, he believed in the teleological (goal-directed) nature of humans.
Also much more concerned than Freud was with social conditions.
Believed that people had to take preventive measures to avoid personality disturbances.

19. Inferiority Complex
1930: Adler wrote that a central core of personality was striving for superiority.
Inferiority complex arises when people feel overwhelmed with a sense of helplessness or powerlessness that leaves them feeling inferior.
Normal feelings of incompetence become exaggerated, and person feels hopeless that goals can be achieved.

20. Dealing with Inferiority
People deal with inferiority in two ways:
Compensation: trying to build up the weak areas and concentrate on other areas. Motivated to strive from a “felt minus” (feeling of inferiority) to a “felt plus” (feelings of superiority, perfection, and totality).
Motivating force behind all behavior is called Striving for Perfection or Superiority—the desire for competence and mastery over one’s environment.

21. More on overcoming inferioity
Masculine protest—the way in which a person strives for competence and independence rather than being merely an outgrowth of his or her parents
Perfection striving—people spend their lives trying to meet their fictional goals (sometimes called fictional finalism)—imagined future achievements.

22. Superiority Complex
An exaggerated arrogance in an attempt to maintain one’s self-worth and overcome an inferiority complex.
Perceived as obnoxious by others.

23. Two additions to Adler's theory
Adler’s theory started changing as his thoughts about human motivation changed.
Organ inferiority—the idea that everyone is born with some physical weakness where incapacity or disease is most likely to take root. The body tries to compensate for the weakness in another area—an important motivator of life choices.
Aggressive drive—a reaction to perceived helplessness/inferiority—lashing out against inability to master something.

24. Style of Life
Established by age 4 or 5 using the Creative Self, the dynamic force that allows us to use our experiences and heredity to construct our “style of life,” including goals, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitudes toward the world.
The interaction between heredity, environment, and one’s creative power.
Should not be rigid or inflexible.
Can be identified through early memories.
Doesn’t matter if memories are true or not.
Represents one’s first perceptions of self and world.

25. Social issues
Adler was very concerned about three fundamental social issues, which are all intertwined:
Occupational tasks—choosing/pursuing a career that makes one feel worthwhile.
Societal tasks—creating friendships/social networks
Love tasks—finding a suitable life partner.

26. Adler's Typology Based on the Greek notion of temperamental humors
Greek Humors
Greek Type
Social Interest
Activity
Adler’s Type
Yellow bile
Choleric
Low
High
Ruling-Dominant
Phlegm
Phlegmatic
Getting-leaning
Black bile
Melancholic
Very low
Avoiding
Blood
Sanguine
Socially Useful

27. Ruling/Dominant Aggressive & domineering May bully others
May be passive-aggressive (suicide attempts, addictions)
Seeks to dominate others in some way

28. Getting-leaning Takes from others Somewhat passive
Dependent on others for everything
Most common type, according to Adler

29. Avoiding Conquers problems by running away
Tries not to deal with problems at all
Phobias are an example

30. Socially useful Meets problems realistically Cooperative and caring
The only orientation thought to grow out of early experiences
Innate trait that makes all humans value societal contributions and helping others
Most productive way to compensate for feelings of inferiority
The more socially oriented, the healthier the person: Gemeinschaftsgefuhl

32. Maladjustment in Neurotics
Underdeveloped social interest
Live in their own private world
Set their goals too high
Have rigid and dogmatic style of life
Might develop in children with physical/intellectual disabilities—the mind sees the body as a burden, and they become self-centered (egoistic) as a result.
Road to physical & mental health is overcome self-centeredness.

33. Safeguarding Strategies
Neurosis creates a need for safeguarding strategies, similar to defense mechanisms.
Excuses or rationalizing strategies (“Yes, but…”; “If only…”)
Aggressive strategies (open or disguised hostility toward others)
Depreciation (devalue others through threats or inflating own value)
Accusation (blame others—no personal responsibility)
Self-accusation (blame self in such a way that it attracts attention, sympathy—sometimes induces guilt in others)
Distancing strategies—avoiding situations and problems; avoiding challenges

34. Parenting: Mom's perspective
Social interest arises from mother-child relationship during first months of infancy
Mom needs to foster a bond that encourages child’s social interest and fosters a sense of cooperation
Mom should be centered on her child’s well-being not her own needs and wants.
If she favors the child over the father, child may become spoiled or pampered. If she favors father over child, child may feel neglected and unloved.

35. Parenting: Father's perspective
Father must show caring attitude toward wife and others
Ideal father cooperates on equal footing with mother in caring for child & treating child as human being
Successful father avoids the errors of emotional detachment and paternal authoritarianism.
Emotionally detached fathers child has a sense of neglect and warped social interest; parasitic attachment to Mom
Paternal authoritarianism  sees Dad as tyrant; strives for power and personal superiority

36. Importance of Parents
Adler believed parents were so important early in life that the relationship with mother and father smothers the effects of heredity.
By the time a child is 5, the effects of heredity become blurred by the powerful influences of the child’s social environment.
By this time, environmental forces have shaped or modified nearly every aspect of child’s personality.

37. Birth Order Effects
Adler believed that birth order was an important factor in determining personality.
First child: the worst position to be in.
Second-borns: the best position
Last-borns: second worst position
Birth order has generated a lot of research.

38. Adler's view of birth order effects
Positive traits
Negative traits
Oldest child
Nurturing and protective of others
Good organizer
Highly anxious, exaggerated feelings of power, unconscious hostility; fights for acceptance; must always be “right”; highly critical of others; uncooperative
Second child
Highly motivated, cooperative, and moderately competitive
Highly competitive; easily distracted
Youngest child
Realistically ambitious
Pampered; dependent on others; wants to excel in everything; unrealistically ambitious
Only children
Socially mature
Exaggerated feelings of superiority; low feelings of cooperation; inflated sense of self; pampered

39. Research about Firstborns/Only children
More achievement-oriented and perfectionist. Also more visits to mental health clinics
More likely to support parental authority
Less open to new ideas
More responsible, ambitious, organized, academically successful, energetic, self-disciplined, and conscientious.
Negative side: more neurotic, anxious, temperamental
More assertive and dominant

40. Middle-borns Lots of research on these children
Less likely to define self-identities by their families
Feel less close to families; more into friends than siblings
More rebellious, impulsive, less conscientious
Less likely to ask parents for help or visit parents
Report feeling less loved as children
More likely to live farther apart from parents

41. Later-borns Charmer of the family More agreeable Warmer
More idealistic
Easygoing, trusting, accommodating, altruistic, adventurous
Prone to fantasy, attracted by novelty; untraditional
More sociable, affectionate, fun-loving, excitement-seeking, and more self-conscious.

42. Bottom line on birth order effects
Not shown consistently across studies
Birth order alone is not as big of a factor as birth order combined with other factors such as number of children, level of conflict between each child and parents, gender of the children, spacing between children, temperament, social class, and loss of parent.
Birth order studies usually do not separate biological birth order from rearing order. They need to do this.

43. Social Interest
For Adler, social interest was of supreme importance. Not synonymous with charity.
The sole yardstick for measuring psychological health
The “sole criterion for human values”
The only gauge for judging one’s worth and the value of a life.
To the degree that people possess true social interest, they are psychologically mature.