3. Importance of Nuclear medicine !! Reactors Fission of 235 U n+ 235 U 99 Mo + xn + other fission products Neutron activation of 98 Mo n + 98 Mo 99 Mo Accelerators Photo-fission of 238 UPhoton+ 238 U 99 Mo + xn + other fission products 100 Mo transmutationPhoton + 100 Mo 99 Mo + n Direct 99m Tc productionP + 100 Mo 99m Tc + 2n The usual production of 99 Mo for nuclear medicine depends on: The neutron induced fission of 235 U, which results in expensive but high specific activity 99 Mo, or The (n,γ) nuclear reaction with 98 Mo, 24% using natural Molybdenum, resulting in inexpensive but low-specific activity 99 Mo.

4. Currently, only five nuclear reactors produce 99m Tc (T 1/2 = 6.02 h), which is a vital part of diagnostic tests for heart disease and cancer. Currently, only five nuclear reactors produce 99m Tc (T 1/2 = 6.02 h), which is a vital part of diagnostic tests for heart disease and cancer. It accounts for over 80% of all diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures world wide. (The horse of nuclear medicine) According to the latest survey the world demand for production of 99 Mo/ 99m Tc is estimated to be around 6000 Ci/week and further growth is predicted. According to the latest survey the world demand for production of 99 Mo/ 99m Tc is estimated to be around 6000 Ci/week and further growth is predicted.

5. The ScannerSPECT image

6. As a positron-emitting radionuclide decays it emits a positron, which promptly combines with electron resulting in the simultaneous emission of two identifiable gamma rays in opposite directions each with 511 keV ENERGY. Giving a map of functional processes in the body

12. 40 MeV of protons with 20 nAs intensity 40 MeV of protons with 20 nAs intensity Two experiments have been done: 1- To measure the short lived radioisotopes (irradiated for 30 m) 2-To measure the longer lived radioisotopes (irradiated for 50 m) Two experiments have been done: 1- To measure the short lived radioisotopes (irradiated for 30 m) 2-To measure the longer lived radioisotopes (irradiated for 50 m)

14. 99 Mo 99m Tc 99m Tc 96 Tc 96 Tc 95 Nb 95 Nb(p,xn)(p,xn)(p,pxn)(p,pxn) (p,αXn) … etc nat Mo(p,X) Used for SPECT imaging for: Brain, heart, liver, lungs, bones, thyroid and kidney imaging. Also for cerebral blood flow, antibodies, and red blood cells.

15. 99 Mo 99m Tc 99m Tc 96 Tc 96 Tc 95 Nb 95 Nb(p,xn)(p,xn)(p,pxn)(p,pxn) (p,αXn) … etc nat Mo(p,X)

17. Excitation functions of the monitor reactions compared with the recommended cross-sections by the IAEA.

21. 810.6 98 Nb 778.63 99 Mo 849.29 94 Tc 907.83 95 Nb 1130.23 96 Tc 765.7 95 Tc 1173.24 60 Co 1332.5 60 Co 661.62 137 Cs 509.47 Annihilation 483.56 87 Y 391.83 93m Tc 140. 51 ( 99 Mo + 99m Tc + 90 Nb) 369.5 99 Mo 312.64 96 Nb 202.29 95 Tc 202.29 95 Tc 178.73 99 Mo

22. 99 Mo, T ½ = 65.9 h 99m Tc,T ½ = 6.01 h 90 Nb, T ½ = 14.6 h The individual activities of those overlapped γ-rays were analyzed using the difference in half-lives of the contributing nuclides by plotting the γ-ray emission rate as a function of time.

23. Whereas: M : M : Target molecular weight I : I : Beam intensity T γ : T γ : net area under each γ peak C : C : The target density f : f : The abundance I γ : I γ : gamma line intensity

24. Theoretical simulations using Talys code has been done.

25. Theoretical simulations using Talys code has been done.

27. Whereas: P : is no. of protons/ μA.h N : is number of target nuclei in cm 2 ρ : is surface density in gm/cm 2

28. 14.6 hr 51.5 min 43.5 min 65.9 hr

30. The Collaborators from TAMU:The Collaborators from TAMU: