1. Chapter 5: communications

2. For Reference https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tUS-JozORQ
Seeeee Yaaa Fail
Air China “Talks” to JFK Ground
You guys are going nowhere
Communication
Overall it’s a resource to assist the pilot.

3. Outline Radar and ATC Services Radio Procedures
Radar and Radar Accessories
Radio Procedures
Talking like a Sir
Sources of Flight Information

4. Radar (Primary) (Radio Detection and Ranging)
Capabilities
Range and Azimuth (ex. VORs)
Limitations
Atmospheric Temperature inversions
Precipitation/Heavy cloud cover
Altitude
Requires line of sight
Radar just send out radio signals that bounce back to the station and are detected
Azimuth: A measurement that begins at North and increases clockwise
Picture Idea: The

5. Radar (Secondary)
Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) i.e. the Transponder system
Components
Decoder—assigns discrete transponder code (ground based)
Interrogator—transmits coded signal that activates transponder reply
Returns are independent of primary radar returns
Transponder—equipment on aircraft (continued)
It is the secondary radar, yet combines primary and secondary?
Insert picture of transponder on a separate slide

6. Transponder Returns Mode C altitude information Operation
Altitude is combined with primary radar returns and displayed on radarscope
Operation
Inspection—every 24 months if flying controlled airspace
IDENT—used to establish positive radar contact
SQUAWK—4-digit code assigned to aircraft
1200—standard VFR operations
7500—Hijacking emergency
7600—Communication Failure
7700—General Emergencies
IDENT is upon the request of the ATC controller if the airspace is congested.
IDENT makes your signal appear brighter on the screen
SQUAWK codes are assigned when entering airspace through controller,
when changing codes. MAKE SURE NONE OF THE EMERGENCIES COME UP
(scroll the long way)
NOT EVEN FOR A MICRO SECOND
You set an emergency like that in colorado, they will hear it in texas.

7. The transponder has several modes of operation.
Standby, On, and ALT
In ON mode it just replys back with a transponder’s squawk code, not with altitude
Use ALT almost always unless something is wrong with your altitude encoding
The Ident Feature
the transponder only goes from 0000 to 7777
1200 for U.S for Europe

8. FAA Radar Systems (ASRs)
Airport Surveillance Radar—ASR
Directs and Coordinates IFR traffic within terminal areas (short range)
Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities (TRACONs)
Major airports
Maintain separation of aircraft through radar and non radar services
Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS)
Gives aircraft position, altitude, groundspeed, etc.
Designated by suffix of numbers and letters
ARTS—495B
ADS-B (Automatic Dependant Surveillance-Broadcast)
GPS based supplemental information system
Next Generation
ASR is the Tower that get the data
The TRACON is the building that interprets the data
ARTS is the system that displays the information
This is one of several. You may have heard of CARTS or STARS
Common aircraft radar terminal system
Standard terminal autimation replacement system ( what you will hear about if you work in a DOD facility)
ADS-B==broadcasts GPS position to ground and other aircraft.
Out==it transmits it out
In = = you can receive it
once every second compared to every 4 seconds

10. FAA Radar Systems (ARSRs)
Air Route Surveillance Radar—ARSR
Manages traffic in controlled airspace (long range)
mile radius of coverage
100 ARSR facilities nation-wide
House Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs)
Issue and manage IFR clearances/traffic
Assist VFR pilots
Flight Following Capable
You can get radar services if they can accommodate you.
Radar Services (its like another set of eyes), but you are still responsible to see and avoid. So don’t rely on them to provide collision avoidance.
Find out about Flight Following. If you request flight following, be ready for a unique squawk code

11. ATC Radar Services for VFR
Radar Traffic Information Service (Flight Following)
Automatically receive traffic advisories, and limited vectoring dependant on workload
Safety Alerts
Vectors
Terminal VFR Radar Service
National Program implemented to provide separation between IFR and VFR aircraft
4 types
Basic—Provided for VFR aircraft by all commissioned terminal radar facilities.
Covers separation of flow of arriving IFR and VFR aircraft into traffic pattern
Terminal radar service area—Same as basic, but extended to an approach area.
Class C—Required Implementation. Includes sequencing of VFR aircraft.
Class B—Required Implementation. Includes sequencing of VRF aircraft by weight.
Automatic Terminal Information System (ATIS)
Continuously broadcasted weather information.
Labeled with successive letters from phonetic alphabet (e.g. “Information Charlie”)
Flight following is what you would request from ATC where they will then set up contact with TRACON where they will follow you on your flight
you already give what

12. Traffic Advisorie Request Ex.
Pilot: "So Cal Approach, Cessna with request"
ATC: "Cessna 12345, So Cal Approach, Go ahead"
Pilot: "So Cal Approach, Cessna VFR over the seal beach VOR at 6500 enroute to long beach, requesting traffic advisories"
ATC: "Cessna 12345, So Cal Approach, traffic is a beech airliner at your 12 o'clock 5 miles north bound, indicating 3500."
Pilot: "Cessna has the traffic in sight"

13. Flight Following Example
Pilot: "LA Center, Mooney with requests"
ATC: "Money LA Center go ahead"
Pilot: "LA Center, Mooney is type m20/p 12 miles south of the twenty nine palms VOR level 7500 enroute to Henderson request Flight Following"
ATC: "Mooney 12345, squawk 7312, ident"
Pilot: "Squawking 7312 and ident, Mooney 12345"
ATC: "Mooney 12345, Radar contact 12 miles south of the TNP VOR at Traffic 2 o'clock 12 miles southbound is a Cessna 172 indicating 4500"
Pilot: "Mooney 12345, looking for traffic"

14. Flight Service Stations
Are addressed as “radio” (ex. “denver radio”)
Provides
Weather briefings
Enroute communication
Primarily used for
Originating NOTAMs
VFR Search and Rescue services
Receiving/Processing Flight Plans
Collecting and disseminating PIREPS
Assist lost aircraft/aircraft in emergencies
The enroute communication capability is only if there is no other controller around.

15. Very High Frequency Radio (VHF)
Frequencies: MHz
Line of Site
US Channel Spacing : 25 kHz
European Spacing : 8.33 kHz

16. Where to find frequencies
The A/FD contains all pertinent frequencies within/around the airport(s) you are operating in
Weather, Tower/CTAF, Clearance Delivery, Ground, Unicom, Navaids, FSS, Approach/Departure
Charts provide frequencies as you navigate
Communications Boxes (FSS)
Airport data lists tower/CTAF, Unicom, weather frequencies (ASOS, AWOS, or ATIS)
VOR frequencies are shown in blue outlined boxes
HIWAS, TWEB, ASOS/AWOS are available on some VORs
Class B, C, TRSA, and some radar approach frequencies are provided on sectional and terminal charts

17. CTAF: Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
Self announce broadcast
In circuit
Inbound
Outbound
Ground
Overflying
Found in uncontrolled airports
Used when tower is closed
Common Freq: 122.8
General Format:
Location / Traffic
Aircraft Type
Call sign
Position / Intentions
Location
Example:
Orange County traffic, Warrior 3522M, 10 miles NW inbound 45 runway 03, Orange County

18. Towered Airport Radio Class D:
Two way radio communication with tower prior to entering airspace.
Class C:
Two way radio communication with ATC prior to entering airspace.
Mode C transponder.
Class B:
Two way radio communication with ATC with explicit clearance to enter airspace.
Listen and think before you transmit. Do not step on someone and know what you are going to say.
Whom you are calling
Who you are
Where you are
What you want to do
Acknowledge all instructions by reading them back following with your call sign.
Ask to Clarify any misunderstood transmission.

19. Other Radio Types UNICOM
Privately owned air/ground communication station
Request fuel, parking, and airport advisory (wind, favored runway, known traffic, etc.)
Ground Communications Outlet (GCO)
Ground-based, VHF-to-telephone connection that allows pilots at uncontrolled airport to communicate directly with ATC
Local Airport Advisory (LAA)
Provided at select uncontrolled airports with FSS on field
Extends out 10 statue miles from airport
An FSS with a designated CTAF (usually MHz) may provide wind direction and speed, favored runway, traffic NOTAMs, taxi routes, etc.
Pilot to Pilot MULTICOM
122.9 MHz
Air-to-air communication frequency for pilots to self-announce position and intentions
If airport does not have designated CTAF, tower, FSS or UNICOM than the MULTICOM frequency serves as CTAF.

21. Emergency Procedures Squawk 7700 121.5 MHz Five C’s
Emergency – MAYDAY x3
Urgent – PAN-PAN x3
Five C’s
Climb
Communicate
Confess
Comply
Converse
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
121.5 and MHz
Active automatically upon crash
48 hour battery life
Must replace or recharge after one-half of the battery’s useful life, or when the ELT has been used for more than once cumulative hour
May test ELT during the first five minutes of every hour

22. Sources of Flight Information
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)
Seven Volumes
Issued every 56 days
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
50 Titles by subject
e.g. agriculture, labor, energy, postal service, transportation
Title 14 = Aeronautics & Space
Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs)
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
Guide to basic flight information and ATC procedures
Notices to Airmen Publication and Online Database
NOTAM(D) – distant NOTAM
FDC NOTAM – Flight Data Center NOTAM
Advisory Circulars (ACs)
Non-regulatory guidance and information in a variety of subject areas
Explain methods of complying with FARs