1. Charles Darwin Mutations Variations Natural Selection Adaptations
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Charles Darwin
Mutations
Variations
Natural Selection
Adaptations
Selective Breeding
How Does All of This Fit Together?

2. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Charles Darwin
Scientist during the 1800’s that traveled around the world making observations of nature.
Darwin discovered from his travels that organisms have structural characteristics that enable them to live in their environment – Adaptations!
Background Information

3. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Darwin’s Finches
As Darwin was observing birds on the Galapagos Islands, he discovered that there were many variations of one kind of bird – the Finch.
Variations are differences in form of an organism within the same species or group.
Background Information

4. Darwin’s Finches (Continued)
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Darwin’s Finches (Continued)
These birds that would later become nicknamed as “Darwin’s Finches” proved that organisms adapt to live in their environment.
Each of Darwin’s Finches have a beak that is specifically designed to eat the type of food that is available in its environment.
Background Information

5. Darwin’s Finches (Continued)
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Darwin’s Finches (Continued)
Each one of these Finches was found on a different Galapagos Island. This illustration shows how various Finches adapted to eat the type of food available to them.
Background Information

6. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

7. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Mutations
A mutation is where there is a random change in genetic information in an organism.
Mutations can be good or they can be bad.
If a mutation is good, it will help an organism to live.
If a mutation is bad, it will often cause the organisms to die.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

8. Mutations Good or Beneficial Mutations
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Mutations
Good or Beneficial Mutations
Below is a picture of a Black Jaguar (Left). This color mutation is good because it helps the Jaguar to hunt at night, blending into the night time landscape.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

9. Mutations Bad or Harmful Mutations
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Mutations
Bad or Harmful Mutations
Below is a picture of a two headed calf . This type of mutation is bad because the animal is not able to survive.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

10. Variations Good mutations lead to variations.
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Variations
Good mutations lead to variations.
When mutations are good, the organism survives to pass the mutation on to it’s offspring. As more and good mutations are passed on, more variations of a species become present as in these parakeets below.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

11. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Mutations which lead to variations also lead to natural selection.
Natural selection occurs when good mutations are passed on to offspring.
Natural selection is often referred to as “Survival of the Fittest”. Organisms that have “stronger” mutations or characteristics survive and the organisms that have “weaker” characteristics die.
The organisms with the stronger characteristic are able to pass their stronger characteristics on to their offspring. The organisms with the weaker characteristics die and are unable to pass their weaker characteristics on.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

12. Natural Selection Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection Example
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

13. Natural Selection Example (Cont.)
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection Example (Cont.)
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

14. Natural Selection Example (Cont.)
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection Example (Cont.)
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

15. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Adaptations
Over very long periods of time, the good mutations that get pass on and on over several generations become known as adaptations.
Adaptations take hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years to come about.
If an organism is not able to adapt, it will die. If an entire species is unable to adapt, the whole species will die and become extinct.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

16. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective breeding is when animals are bred on purpose to bring about desired traits.
Below is a picture of a horse (left) and donkey (middle) and a mule (right). When a horse is bred with a donkey a mule is produced. A mule has the strength of a horse and the sure footedness of a donkey.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

17. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Below is a picture of a poodle (left) and a labrador (middle). When the two dogs are bred together they produce a labradoodle (right). The breeder is attempting to produce offspring with the most desirable traits.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

18. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective breeding can also bring about bad or undesirable traits
Some breeds of dogs are selectively bred for their aggressiveness, however, this sometimes produces dogs are too aggressive an cannot be controlled.
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

19. Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?
How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

20. Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Cabbage Varieties
Leafy Sea Dragon
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

21. Selective Breeding Natural Selection
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Selective Breeding
Natural Selection
Cabbage Varieties
Leafy Sea Dragon
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

22. Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Bengal Cat
Large Corn
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

23. Selective Breeding Selective Breeding
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding
Bengal Cat
Large Corn
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

24. Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Liger
Puggle
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

25. Selective Breeding Selective Breeding
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding
Liger
Puggle
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

26. Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Luna Moth
Artic Hare
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

27. Natural Selection Natural Selection
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide!
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Luna Moth
Artic Hare
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

28. Selective Breeding Activity?
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity?
Selective Breeding Activity

29. Selective Breeding Activity
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity
Punnett Square Review
Punnett Squares are used to predict the occurrence of traits in offspring.
Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive traits are represented by lower case letters.
Two capital letters (HH) or one capital and one lower case letter (Hh) means that the dominant trait will appear in the offspring.
Two lower case letters (hh) means that the recessive trait will appear in the offspring.
Selective Breeding Activity

30. Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Goal: Selectively breed cows that produce offspring that do not have horns.
Parent 1: HH (Horns are dominant)
Parent 2: Hh
Both parents have horns and we need offspring without horns!
Selective Breeding Activity

31. H H H H H H H h H h H h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Set up a Punnett Square with the parents’ genotypes below and complete the cross.
Parent 1: HH
Parent 2: Hh H H H H H H H h H h H h
Selective Breeding Activity

32. H H H H H H H h H h H h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Choose two offspring with genotypes that have recessive allele(s) for no horns.
These are your 1st generation of offspring. H H H H H H H h H h H h
Selective Breeding Activity

33. H h H H H h H h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Set up another Punnett Square below with the 1st generation offspring that you chose and complete the cross. H h H H H h H h H h h h
Selective Breeding Activity

34. H h H H H h H h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Choose two offspring with genotypes that have recessive allele(s) for no horns.
These are your 2nd generation offspring. H h H H H h H h H h h h
Selective Breeding Activity

35. H h H h h h h h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Set up another Punnett Square with the 2nd generation offspring that you chose below and complete the cross. H h H h h h h h H h h h
Selective Breeding Activity

36. H h H h h h h h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Choose two offspring with genotypes that have recessive allele(s) for no horns.
These are your 3rd generation offspring. H h H h h h h h H h h h
Selective Breeding Activity

37. h h h h h h h h h h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
Set up another Punnett Square with the 3rd generation offspring that you chose below and complete the cross. h h h h h h h h h h h h
Selective Breeding Activity

38. h Selective Breeding Activity Example
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Example
All offspring produced do not have horns!
These are your 4th generation offspring. h
Selective Breeding Activity

39. Selective Breeding Activity. Your Turn!
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Your Turn!
Goal: Selectively breed flowers that produce all pink colored offspring.
Parent 1: FF (White is dominant)
Parent 2: Ff
Both parents are white and we need offspring that are pink!
Selective Breeding Activity

40. Selective Breeding Activity. Your Turn!
Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes
Selective Breeding Activity Your Turn!
Goal: Selectively breed Golden Retriever dogs with short hair.
Parent 1: LL (Long hair is dominant)
Parent 2: Ll
Both parents have long hair and we need offspring with short hair!
Selective Breeding Activity