1. What are the next steps?
Now that the colonies have gained independence, what’s next? Brainstorm/discuss what would need to happen next as a country and for each individual colony. What do you think the biggest challenges are going to be?

2. Word Review Ratify- To approve or make valid
Unicameral - Consisting of a single branch, chamber or house, as a legislative assembly.
Bicameral - having two branches, chambers, or houses, as a legislative body.
Confederation - local/state governments make their own laws. A weak overlying central government.

3. Reading Guide AOC
1. How many years was the Articles of Confederation our system of government? 13
2. What problem did the colonists face after gaining independence from Great Britain?
They did not know what kind of government they should have?
3. How did their experience with heavy-handed British rule effect the establishment of the new form of government?
They wanted a government that couldn’t do much
4. How many governments did they have under the Articles of Confederation?
13=Each state had their own government.
1=National Congress
Total of 14
5. How many branches of government did they have?
1 Congress was the only branch of government.

4. Reading Guide AOC 6. How was voting determined among the states?
each state got one vote.
7. What were the PROS of the government established by the AOC?
1) formed a not too strong (weak) government
2) states could keep their power and independence
3) the power to create a military to protect all the states
8. What were the CONS of the government established by the AOC?
Did not give congress the power to enforce laws
No power to collect taxes for the military
Every single state had to agree to the changes
9. What made this very difficult to resolve?
Each state had different needs based on economy, population, and size of the state. People had different opinions – some wanted more government others wanted less.

5. Student Friendly AOC
What powers do the Article give to the national government?
Declare war
Negotiate foreign treaties
Settle disputes between states
Regulate currency, borrow money from states
Direct the operations of land and naval forces
What is required to pass a law? What is required to allow a new colony admission into the U.S.? What is required to amend the AOC?
9 out of 13 states have to agree
9 votes in Congress
All states and Congress had to agree unanimously
12. What is missing from the articles that you believe would make an effective country?
Student responses will vary

6. Problems with the AOC
Strong legislative branch, no executive or judicial branches:
-No separation of powers
-No one to enforce laws
-No checks and balance
Each state had its own currency:
-Issues with trade between states
-No system for currency exchange
-No economical unity
-National currency was worthless
1. Strong legislative, branch, no executive or judicial branch
2. Each had its own currency
3. All 13 states had to approve a law for it to pass
4. Each state got one vote regardless of the population
5. Created a WEAK central government
Created a weak central government:
-All power rested with individual states
-Could do nothing without states’ approval
-Couldn’t enforce laws
-Couldn’t collect taxes for national defense
9 out of 13 states had to approve a law for it to pass:
-Would make passing laws almost impossible
-Would not accommodate state’s different needs
Each state got ONE vote regardless of the population:
-Voting was not a true representation of the population
- States with small populations received the same voice as states with large populations

7. The Articles of Confederation
QUICK QUIZ!
The Articles of Confederation

8. Under the Articles of Confederation, a President would lead the country.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

9. Under the Articles of Confederation, states would be independent.
Think
About It 
 True
 False

10. The Articles of Confederation were easy to change.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

11. Under the Articles, states with more people got more votes in Congress.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

12. Under the Articles, Congress did not have the power to collect taxes.
Think
About It 
 True
 False

13. Under the Articles, Congress could pass laws and force states to follow them.
Think
About It
 True
 False 

14. The Articles of Confederation created the first American government.
Think
About It 
 True
 False

15. Background information
November 15, 1777: The Articles were signed by Congress and sent to the individual states for ratification after 16 months of debate.
March 1, 1781: Articles of Confederation are ratified by all thirteen states.
Summer 1787: Delegates meet at Independence Hall in Pennsylvania for the First Constitutional Convention.

16. Complaints of the Articles of Confederation
Working class poor were attacking the wealthy upper class citizens, but without a court system there were few consequences.
Roadways and bridges were in poor condition and transportation could not be improved with a lack of funding. This effects trade throughout.
With no court system, individuals had not system in place to make complaints against the national government.
Blocking a bill only took FIVE states.
By 1780 the states of Delaware, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Georgia and New Jersey had less than 400,000 people combined….while Virginia ALONE had over 500,000. This allowed for a small percentage of the population to affect decisions that would benefit/impact the majority of the county.

17. Complaints of the Articles of Confederation
The States were threatening war with each other, and there were armed uprisings and riots across the land. 
The British navy had destroyed many American ships during the war which disrupted trade.
States negotiated their own trade deals with Europe, and they protected their own interests at the expense of the other States.
Each state was printing their own money, which depreciated soon after the war.
Many farmers were unable to pay for their land mortgages. To be able to vote during this time, you had to own land; losing land meant loss of voting status.
Congress had to depend on “financial contributions” from states, but requests for contributions was often denied.
1786 – The United States was bankrupt

18. AOC Video

19. What happened?
The first order of business was to elect George Washington as the president of the convention and establish rules such as complete secrecy.
Four days later, a representative from Virginia presented a plan for a new government structure.
The Virginia Plan called for a strong national government with both branches of the legislative branch apportioned by population. The plan gave the national government the power to legislate "in all cases in which the separate States are incompetent" and even gave a proposed national Council of Revision a veto power over state legislatures.
The New Jersey Plan kept federal powers rather limited and created no new Congress. Instead, the plan enlarged some of the powers then held by the Continental Congress. Paterson made plain the adamant opposition of delegates from many of the smaller states to any new plan that would deprive them of equal voting power ("equal suffrage") in the legislative branch.
3. Over the next three months, delegates had to work out compromises between the two competing plans.

20. Problems with the Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation were purposefully designed to provide the people with as much power as possible.
After their recent history, they wanted to limit _____.
(1)This created a very weak central government and lead to many problems including:
Fighting over land and sea rights
(2)Lack of funds meant they could not maintain an Army or Navy and they could not build roads or canals
(3) Difficulty passing laws because 9 out of 13 states had to agree

21. Constitutional Convention
(4) The convention was held at Independence Hall in Philadelphia in There were 55 delegates in attendance, representing every state except Rhode Island.
(5) The initial intention of the meeting was to simply revise the Articles of Confederation, but it resulted in an entirely new government and constitution.

22. Georgia in the Constitutional Convention
(6) Georgia, and other Southern delegates, were unified in their relentless support of slavery.
(7) Three-Fifths Compromise- a compromise agreed upon by the North and the South which allowed for slaves to count toward a state’s overall population by counting slaves as “3/5 of a person.”

23. Georgia in the Constitutional Convention
(8) The Great Compromise- created a bicameral legislature where each state had two members in the Senate but representation in the House of Representatives was based on the state’s population.

24. Abraham Baldwin (9) Pol. Accomplishments
One of four Georgians at Constitutional Convention
Served FIVE terms as U.S. Congressman
Served TWO terms as U.S. Senator
(10)Most famous for his role in the creation of the University of Georgia and served UGA’s first president.

25. William Few
(11) He did not make a major impression at the Constitutional Congress
(12) But- he later served as a senator, a representative, and a judge in the state of Georgia. In New York he became a member of the legislature and a bank president.

26. articles vs. constitution
QUICK QUIZ!
articles vs. constitution

27. Articles, Constitution or Both?
A) Created a president
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A

28. Articles, Constitution or Both?
B) Created a government
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A B

29. Articles, Constitution or Both?
C) Had one branch of government
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C B

30. Articles, Constitution or Both?
D) Had enough power to do its job
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C D B

31. Articles, Constitution or Both?
E) Created a court system
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C D B E

32. Articles, Constitution or Both?
F) Gave large and small states the same power
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C D B F E

33. Articles, Constitution or Both?
G) Created a Legislature (Congress)
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C G D B F E

34. Articles, Constitution or Both?
H) Compromised between large and small states
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A C G D B F E

35. Articles, Constitution or Both?
I) Created a military
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A I C G D B F E

36. Articles, Constitution or Both?
J) Didn’t let Congress enforce its laws
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution J
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A I C G D B F E

37. Articles, Constitution or Both?
K) Incorporated a system to change with time and circumstance
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both H
Articles
Constitution J
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A I C G D K B F E

38. Articles, Constitution or Both?
K) Incorporated a system to change with time and circumstance
Articles, Constitution or Both?
Both
Articles
Constitution J
Decide whether each statement applies to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, or both. A I C G D K B F E

39. Amendment 1 Freedom of religion Speech Press Right to assemble
Petition the government

40. Amendment 2 Right to bear arms Relates to the maintenance of a militia
~Restrictions on this right include requiring gun license, and restricting concealed weapons

41. Amendment 3
Prohibits stations of troops in homes without consent

42. Amendment 4
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures and requires probable cause for search warrants
Illegally obtained evidence is not allowed in court

43. Amendment 5
Grand jury indicted before you can be tried for a capital crime
protects against double jeopardy
Free from self-incrimination (do not have to testify against yourself)
Guarantees due process
Eminent domain- governed cannot take private property for public use without compensation.

44. Amendment 6 Ensures right to speedy trial Must be informed of charges
Right to counsel (attorney)
Accused must be present to hear witness testifying against him/her
Accused has the right to call witnesses in his/her favor

45. Amendment 7 Provides trial by jury
Preserved for cases involving more than $20

46. Amendment 8 Prohibits excessive bail or extreme fines
Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

47. 9th Amendment
DISCLAIMER: People have MANY other rights other than those listed specifically in the constitution

48. 10th Amendment
Gives the states and the people all powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution.
States create their own laws

49. What is the purpose of the U.S. Constitution?
Quick Review
What is the purpose of the U.S. Constitution?
What are the Bill of Rights?
What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights?

50. Amending the Constitution
There have been 11,372 attempts to amend the Constitution since 1789
Only 27 have been approved by Congress and ratified by the states.

51. Bill of Rights A brief introduction to the Bill of Rights

52. We know our rights, but what are our responsibilities????
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Press
Freedom to Peaceably Assemble
Freedom to Petition the Government
Right to keep and bear arms
Freedom from quartering soldiers
Right to a speedy trial
Right to an attorney
Freedom from self incrimination Freedom from excessive fines or bails
Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
People have other rights not listed
The state gets to determine other rights for their people
RESPONSIBILITIES
Vote
Register for selective service
Serve jury duty
Obey the laws of state and nation
Pay taxes
Report illegal activity

53. Scenarios #1 – Yes – 6: Right to Counsel #2 – Yes – 7: Right to a jury
#3- Yes – 2, 4, 5: Bear arms, illegal search, due process
#4 – Yes – 5 and 6: Self-incrimination, right to counsel
#5 – Yes- 3: No Quartering
#6- No – 4: Search and Seizure
#7 – Yes – 1: Right Assemble

54. Scenarios #8 – No – 8: Unreasonable Punishment
#9 – Yes- 2: Right to Bear Arms
#10- N0 – 1: Freedom of Pres