1. Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Personnel psychology – a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development
Organizational psychology – a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

2. It’s Friday, November 17 Today’s topic:
Identify hunger from the following:
Biological reasons
Physiological reasons
Psychological reasons
What are the two types of eating disorders? Briefly describe them.
Think of a time that you’ve been excluded or rejected. How did that feel?
Today’s topic:
Sexual Motivation
Upcoming Dates:
Tonight’s HW
Read pages
Test:
Wednesday, 11/29

3. Eating Disorders
What are the two types of eating disorders? Briefly describe them.
What are some possible causes for eating disorders?

4. Eating Disorders
When psychological factors take precedence over physiological needs and homeostatic pressures
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

5. Sexual Motivation

6. Sexual Motivation
Sex drive has similar causes, but unlike hunger and thirst, is not necessary for the survival of the individual
Sex drive can be caused by almost anything at any time
Humans are less instinctively driven to have children than other species
Biological
Physiological
Psychological

7. The Kinsey Reports
Alfred Kinsey (1948, 1953) – surveyed Americans (well-educated white urbanites) on their sexual preferences and activities
Most men and women reported having premarital sex
Most women and virtually all men reported having masturbated
Women who reported masturbating to orgasm before marriage seldom had difficulties experiencing orgasm after marriage
Enormously varied sexual behaviors

8. Biological - Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Secretion of hormones in the hypothalamus stimulates to pituitary gland
Secretion of estrogen and testosterone
Estrogen
Sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females
Testosterone
most important of the male sex hormones
Greater in males
Manufactured in the testes of males
After castration, males lose much of their sexual interest

9. Physiological - The Sexual Response Cycle
Refractory period – a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
According to a study conducted by Masters and Johnson, there are four stages of sexual responses (similar in males and females)
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

10. The Psychology of Sex Result of a desire, not a need. External Stimuli
Men and women can be aroused equally  different parts of the brain
Repeated exposure can desensitize sexual activities
Imagined Stimuli
Fantasies and dreams can arouse men and women
Men (gay/straight) fantasize about sex more than women
Sexual disorders in humans

11. Now, back to the theories . . .
How might the instinct theory (evolutionary), drive- reduction theory, Maslow’s theory and optimal arousal theory explain our sexual motivation?
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Hierarchy of Needs
Optimal Arousal Theory

12. The Need to Belong
“By building relations we create a source of love and personal pride and belonging that makes living in a chaotic world easier.”
-Susan Lieberman

13. Needing to Belong
Humans are social animals  need connections to other people. Why?
Evolution
Happiness
Social acceptance
Power of relationships
Pain of ostracism
Health

14. Sustaining Relationships
Many people seek to affiliate with others -Evidence of the need to belong Directions: Using the textbook (pages ), give examples and evidence for the need to belong in the following categories. Try using personal examples to add to the material in the text.
Aiding Survival
Wanting to Belong
Sustaining Relationships
The Pain of Ostracism

15. Adolescent Sexuality Puberty and sexual maturation
Varies with culture and time
Teen pregnancy in 20th century America  why no contraception use?
Ignorance
Guilt
Minimal communication about birth control
Alcohol use
Mass media portrayals of unprotected sex

16. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
2/3 new infections in people under 25
Confusion/ignorance about condoms
Several predictors of teen sexual restraint:
High intelligence
Religiosity
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs

17. Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual)
All cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual
Homosexuality
3-4% of men and 1-2% of women identify as homosexual (anonymous self reporting)
Face cultural, societal, and political backlash
Neither willfully chosen or willfully changed
Women’s sexuality seems to be more fluid and changeable than men’s
APA dropped homosexuality from its list of “mental illnesses” in 1973

18. Origins of Sexual Orientation
Not psychologically caused.
More common in some populations but unclear why  more focus on biological factors of homosexuality
Cross-sections of the hypothalamus from homosexual and heterosexual males and females (blind study)  reliably larger cell cluster in heterosexual males than in females and homosexual males
Not surprising that there are brain differences between homosexual and heterosexual people however questions remain… When? How?

19. Genes and Sexual Orientation
Evidence to suggest genetic influence on sexual orientation
Runs in families
Identical twins studies have produced interesting results
Sexual attraction in fruit flies has been manipulated through gene experimentation
Why would “gay genes” exist if from an evolutionary perspective?
Genes can remain present in kin
Maternal genetics?
General consensus that NATURE not nurture contributes to homosexuality.

20. Theories Review:
How might the evolutionary, drive- reduction theory, and arousal theory explain our sexual motivation?
Today’s topic:
Review and Sexual Motivation
After Break:
Theories of Emotions and Experiencing Emotions
Upcoming Dates:
Homework over break:
Read pages
Test:
Wednesday, 12/2

21. Discussion Question:
How might the instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and arousal theory explain our affiliation needs?

22. I Shouldn’t Be Alive
Explanation of motivation in times of survival