1. Adaptations & Natural Selection

2. NICHE
A habitat supplying factors necessary for existence of an organism and its ecological role in regard to food consumption.

3. Polar Bear-fur Lives: Cold environment Why?
Blend in for hunting and protection
Job:
Keep population of seals down

4. Woodpecker-long narrow beak
Lives:
In a tree
Why?
Safe from predators
Job:
Control insect population that harms trees

5. ADAPTATION
A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce.
Survive means: eat, blend, hunt, protect self, find food, etc.

6. DESERT FOX
Hot environment
Big ears
Little to no fur short hair

7. DESERT RABBIT
Hot environment
Big ears
Little short haired

8. ARCTIC FOX
Cold environment
Small ears
Heavy thick fur

9. ARCTIC HARE
Cold environment
Small ears
Heavy thick fur

10. Heat escapes through the EARS
BIG IDEA-Adaptations
Heat escapes through the EARS
FUR traps heat

11. Adaptations Bioluminescence Light that is given off by a creature
Lightening bugs
Angler fish
Mushrooms in Brazil

12. Adaptations Echolocation
An animal’s (or human’s) ability to tell where an object is by detecting the sound bouncing off of it
Bat, dolphins

13. Adaptations Flippers Legs that are specialized for swimming
Sea turtles
Ducks
Walrus

14. Adaptations Claws Used for gripping, digging and tearing things apart
Bears
Moles
Cats

15. Adaptations
Teeth
Used for tearing, chewing, ripping food for consumption
Sharp
Lion
Eating Meat
Flat
Horse
Grass/Grains
Baleen (filter-like)
Blue Whale
Krill
Mixed
Humans
Meat and plants

16. Adaptations
Smell
Ability to detect scent to find food, a mate, or avoid danger
Vultures
Turkey
vulture
Dogs

17. Another Adaptation Asexual reproduction
A form of reproduction without a mother and a father; genetically identical to its parent (like a clone)
Strawberries plants will make runners, vines that will root and make a new plant
A potato will sprout and produce new potato plants

18. Fungi make spores that will explode off of themselves and make new fungi.
Black bread mold grows on bread
Black bread mold produces spores
Black bread mold spores spread over surface of bread and continue to grow more

19. Adaptations: A change in an organism over time that helps it to survive and reproduce in its environment. (structural, functional, behavioral)
A structural adaptation is a physical characteristic that improves an organisms ability to succeed
1. Being able to find food
2. Being able to avoid a predator
3. Being able to reproduce
Functional adaptations include processes within the body that enable the organism to be more successful.
1. Lungs or gills for obtaining oxygen
2. The ability to secrete a poison from your skin to avoid being eaten

20. Behavioral adaptations are behaviors or actions that organisms do to make them more successful.
1. Mating dances
2. Mimicry: pretending to be something they are not
3. Making themselves appear larger to be more fearsome

21. Change Over Time

22. Biodiversity: The variety and complexity of life on Earth.
Competition: Living things striving for food, living space, mates, and other resources.
Natural selection
Variations-
Any difference between individuals of the same species

23. Natural Selection
Process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the species
Therefore, they pass on the more desired traits for survival

24. Natural Selection Factors that affect the process: Overproduction
Variation
Competition
Selection
Environmental Change
Genes and Natural Selection

25. Basic Concepts of Natural Selection
Individual living things are different from each other. This is called variation.
Variation is important because without it, populations cannot evolve over time.
Living things produce more offspring than can survive, and many that survive do not reproduce-over production.
Living things compete for limited resources, such as food and shelter-competition

26. Variety

27. Variation
An inherited trait that makes an individual different from other members of its species; an adaptation is a variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment.
Causes of variations:
Environmental factors can cause changes in source of genes.
Geographic isolation can make two populations so different they become different species.

28. Niche
The function or position of an organism or population within an ecological community.
includes the physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources.

29. Competition 
Whenever two niches overlap, fighting or struggles ensue between organisms.
If two organisms have the same requirements - for food, water, nesting sites, whatever (resources) - there will not be enough of that thing to go around

30. Competition
Competition does not occur if the resource is too plentiful to limit the growth, distribution or abundance of at least one of the populations.
Competition can occur between individuals that are members of the same species.
Competition likely affects species diversity. It is likely to increase species diversity, by acting as a force for specialization and divergence

31. Overproduction
Most species produce far more offspring than can possibly survive.
Why?
Environmental Conditions
Predators
Diseases
Preservation of the Species

32. Environmental Change:
A change in the species environment can affect on the organism’s ability to survive leading to natural selection.
Ex. Monkey flowers do not normally grow in soil high in copper concentration; because of genetic variation some varieties have been found growing near copper mines.

33. Genes and Natural Selection:
Variations result from the shuffling of the genes when the egg and sperm join (fertilization)
Only traits that are inherited may be passed down to the offspring and can be acted upon by natural selection.

34. Species
A group of organisms that share traits (characteristics) that may be similar.
Have to be able to reproduce and Survive

35. Evolution
Change in inherited characteristics of a species over time.

36. Evolution:
The process whereby new species arise from earlier species by accumulated changes.

37. Theories
Scientific theory: well-tested concept or explanation not proven
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Charles Darwin

38. Lamarck Lamarck's Theory of Evolution:
Darwin was not the first person to propose a theory of evolution.
In the early 1800s, a well-known French naturalist named Jean-Baptiste Lamarck also developed a theory of evolution.

39. He introduced the idea that the environment caused changes in animals and these changes were inherited by the animals' offspring.
changes in an organism during its lifetime could be passed on to its offspring.
if an organism that used certain organs more than others, then the organ used the most would evolve.

40. For example, Lamarck thought that giraffes could stretch their necks to feed on the leaves of tall trees. These giraffes would have offspring with long necks.
He called this the hypothesis of use and disuse.

41. This idea is often called "the inheritance of acquired characteristics," or "soft inheritance," and it is now known to be incorrect.
Changes in an organism cannot be passed onto its offspring unless they are controlled by genes.

42. Charles Darwin
H.M.S. Beagle

43. Darwin
Darwin observed that species of finches on islands off the coast of South America looked similar to a mainland species of finches
He hypothesized that plants and animals on the islands originally came from South America

44. Darwin reasoned that members of a population best able to survive and reproduce will pass their traits to the next generation; over time
Resulting in a different (separate) species
Darwin saw similarities but could not explain WHY they existed.

45. Darwin
His hypothesis became known as a theory of evolution by natural selection- organisms with traits suited for the environment will more likely survive and reproduce-(survival of fittest)

46. Fossils- the preserved remains of an organism that had died long ago.
Darwin saw the fossil bones of organisms that had died and was puzzled by some of them, such as the fossil bones that resembled living sloths. These were much larger than those that were still living. He wandered what had happened to the giant creatures of the past.

47. Fossils Fossil records show extinct organisms
Showed similarities to living organisms
Hypothesized current organism descended (came from) from the fossilized organism

49. Speed of Evolution Two models that explain the speed of evolution
Gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium

50. Speed of evolution Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium
Slow, ongoing process
Change may take place through a slow but continuous process
Idea that large changes are actually the culmination very small changes that builds up over time.
Punctuated equilibrium
Gene mutation can result in a new species in a short period of time
Idea that we cannot see changes in a species, so there must be very long periods of no changes of species.