1. Continued unrest in North America

2. Can also be called “United Empire Loyalists”; a later wave of Loyalists will come to BNA after the War of 1812
Loyalists had many demands: responsible government (since they had it in the 13 Colonies), not live amongst the Canadiens (resented Fr and didn’t want to adjust to biculturalism)
British hoped they would go back home: complained too much and cost too much money
Gave them land to settle in Upper Canada: 1) so they would be far away from Canadiens and couldn’t spread ideas of liberty, equality, and representative government 2) defence against an American attack

3. Constitutional Act 1791 ASPECT TERMS
AIM
- Recognize biculturalism by dividing Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada
LANGUAGE
English is the official language in Upper Canada
French is the official language in Lower Canada
RELIGION
UC: 1/7th of land set aside for Protestant schools and churches
LC: continued protection of Roman Catholic Church
GOVERNMENT
Each colony has an appointed Governor who rules with appointed Executive Council and Legislative Council
All 3 have veto power
Each colony will have an elected assembly (limited power to make laws, impose taxes, serve local needs)
LAWS
UC: English criminal and civil law
LC: English criminal law + French civil law
Lieutenant Governor in Upper Canada and a Governor General in Lower Canada
Only male landowners have the right to vote for the Legislative Assembly

4. How would the following groups react to the Constitutional Act?
Satisfied the wishes of the people for an elected level of government while keeping real power in their hands
Cut off from English speaking, Protestant population; worried about the power/influence of Canadien in gov’t
French Seigneurs
Roman Catholic church
Kept religious influence and ability to collect tithes (taxes)
French Habitant
Kept the seigneurial system
Britain
Kept the Canadien way of life, however had no influence in government and still under the control of seigneurs and RCC
British Merchants in Lower Canada
Loyalists
Established an English speaking colony with its own elected Legislative Assembly, but only male property owners could vote

5. “The war that nobody won”
US declares war on Britain June 18, 1812; war fought on pride and honour (some in America called it the ‘second war of Independence’)
“The war that nobody won”

6. Causes - Issues in Europe
Britain was at war with Napoleon (France)
British blocked any ship or country from trading with Europe = seized 900 American ships and cargoes
Americans retaliated by refusing to allow any British ships in their ports – this only hurt American merchants
Britain was boarding American merchant ships looking for British naval deserters
It is illegal to board another country’s vessel
Many Americans were forced into serving for the British navy
Men were paid 4x more on merchant ships; Conditions on naval ships were poor: lack of food, dangerous conditions, harsh discipline

7. Causes - Issues in North America
Britain was offering free land to Americans to increase the population of BNA
America feared they would become weaker and BNA would become stronger
First Nations were blocking American westward expansion and making alliances with the British
“Manifest Destiny” = America will control the entire continent
Enroaching on First Nations
Threatened British colonies and future possessions
#2 Lack of trust between First Nations and the American gov’t b/c promises had been broken; FN felt they would have more success at getting an independent territory for their people by allying with the British
US believed the British were closely involved with the FN, however it was the FN themselves who were uniting against this threat

8. Key People General Brock Tecumseh Laura Secord
British General who led British troops, BNA militia, and First Nations during the War of 1812.
Shawnee Chief who led the First Nations in battle with the British. He was known as a brilliant and powerful orator.
Heroine of the War of She risked her life to alert the British of American attacks.

9. Key events
June 1812 – America declares war on Britain and invades Upper Canada
August 1812 – General Brock and British troops, with the help of Tecumseh and First Nations, capture Detroit
October 1812 – Americans capture Queenston Heights; Brock killed
April 1813 – Americans capture York (capital city of U.C.) and burn the Parliament buildings
October 1813 – Americans victorious at Thames River; British deserted leaving the FN warriors to fight and Tecumseh was killed
Summer 1814 – British occupy Washington, D.C. (US capital) and burn gov’t buildings
Treaty is signed in 1814; war ends in 1815
Americans thought this would be an easy victory “a mere matter of marching” – it turned out to be a 3 year battle
British troops included professional soldiers, local military, militia, FN allies; American troops included militia, some soldiers with experience from the Am Rev
British were victorious in the first year because of good leadership and planning
Tecumseh was from the Shawnee Nation
Summer 1814 – after the government buildings are burned, they are repainted white, hence the White House!

10. Outcomes Discouraged American immigration to BNA
Stabilized the border between BNA and US
Britain respected the US as an independent nation
Sense of unity in Lower Canada = French and English had fought side by side to defeat an enemy
Little recognition of First Nation efforts to help Britain

11. Socials 9 Riverside Secondary June 2013
Created by Ms. Ross
Socials 9
Riverside Secondary
June 2013