1. Crusade and Counter-Crusade
HIST 1016
9/29/14

2. Call to Crusade Urban II (r. 1088-1099) Reform Pope
Peace and Truce of God
1095: Council of Claremont
Urban II calls for armed
pilgrimage to liberate the
Holy Land
Indulgences offered for
those who join.
Statue of Pope Urban II in Claremont

3. Don’t Forget: The Investiture Controversy

4. The First Crusade (1095-1099) People’s (Peasant’s) Crusade
Populist movement
Anti-Jewish pogroms
Pillaging
Massacred in Anatolia
Prince’s Crusade
Frankish nobility
Joint leadership with church
Better organized and better
financed

5. Crusaders and Byzantium
Must pass through
Constantinople
Rivalries
Alexius I vs. Bohemond I
Oath of Loyalty
Return Byzantine territory
Byzantine military support?
Siege of Nicaea (May 14 to
June 19, 1097)

6. Who are these Crusaders?
Byzantines: These are a lot of mercenaries
Seljuqs: These aren’t particularly
good mercenaries
(Maybe we can enlist them?)
Siege of Antioch: Oct. 21, 1097
– June 2, 1098
Visions and the Holy Lance
Aug. 26, 1098: Jerusalem
captured by Fatimids
Villages and towns between
Antioch and Jerusalem interested
in paying tribute
The Cannibals of Ma’arra

7. The Fall of Jerusalem June 13 – July 15, 1099: Jerusalem under siege
Tactically bad choice
In summer
With Fatimid army
arriving
No reliable supply lines
Fasting, barefoot
processions, visions
Massacre of residents
(Muslim, Jewish, and Christian)

8. Establishment of the Crusader States
County of Edessa
Adoption of Baldwin I
Principality of Antioch
Contest between princes won by Bohemond
Kingdom of Jerusalem
King Baldwin I
County of Tripoli
Won after fall of
Jerusalem
Give Raymond IV
land

9. The Crusader States

10. A Divided East Seljuq Empire (Sunnis)
Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia)
Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia)
Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria)
Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria)
Sultans of Rum (Anatolia)
Fatimid Empire (Isma`ili Shi’ites)
Assassins (Nizari Isma`ili Shi’ites)

11. A Divided East Crusaders Franks (Franj) Byzantines Eastern Christians
Western Christians in the Levant to fulfill a crusading vow
Franks (Franj)
Western Christians living in the Crusader States
Byzantines
Eastern Christians
Armenians
Melkites
Jacobites
Maronites
Nestorians

12. The Second Crusade ( )
Imad al-Din Zengi (d. 1146): Seljuq atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul
1143: Zengi takes Edessa
1145: Pope Eugene III calls for
new Crusade
Kings Louis VII of France and
Conrad III of Holy Roman Empire
respond

13. The Second Crusade Crusaders vs. Franks Negotiated peace
Target of Crusade
Retake Edessa
Aleppo: Zengid capital
Ascalon: closest threat to Jerusalem
Damascus: most powerful city in southern Syria

14. The Siege of Damascus July 24-29, 1148 Nur al-Din (r. 1146-1174):
Son of Zengi, Emir of Aleppo
Unification of Syria
Mu’in al-Din Unur: Emir
of Damascus
Peace treaty or I give the
city to Nur al-Din
Second Crusade = failure

15. Counter Crusade What does it mean to be a good Muslim ruler?
Nur al-Din hires religious
scholars to write texts on jihad
and the benefits of Jerusalem
The righteous ruler is the
one who fights the crusaders
Jerusalem is prioritized
But does he do this?...
Minbar of al-Aqsa Mosque

16. Nur al-Din Small campaigns against Crusader states
Spends most of his career fighting fellow Muslims
1154: conquers Damascus
1159: alliance with Byzantines against Seljuqs of Rum
Fatimid Egypt: young
caliphs under sway of viziers
: conquest of
Egypt
Surround Crusaders
Gold and Red Sea trade
Nur al-Din Madrassa, Damascus

17. Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt
Shirkuh (d. 1169)
Kurdish general
leads conquest of
Egypt
uncle of Salah al-Din
Fatimid – Crusader
alliance against Shirkuh
Salah al-Din inherits
viziership of Fatimid
Leave Fatimids in place…
Why?
al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo

18. Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt
Is Salah al-Din Nur al-Din’s
governor?
The `Abbasid Caliph’s?
The Fatimid’s?
Reorganize Fatimid army
Sunnification of Egypt
Remove Shi’ites from
bureaucracy
Establishment of Sunni
madrasas
Remove “un-Islamic” taxes
Mosque showing the veneration of the Rashidun Caliphs

19. Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt
1171 – Nur al-Din orders the khutba in Egypt given in the `Abbasid caliph’s name
al-`Adid (r ): Last Fatimid caliph dies
Salah al-Din changes khutba
Members of Fatimid
family arrested (and
segregated)
`Abbasids grant
Egypt to Nur al-Din
al-Hakim Mosque, Cairo