1. Structure and Functions
Cells
Structure and Functions

2. Flash Cards Cell theory Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Organelles
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Mitosis
Meiosis

3. Table 1: Organization of Living Organisms
Cells – the building blocks of all living things that carry out the processes necessary for life (ex. nerve cells) Tissues – a group of similar cells that perform a specific function (ex. nerve tissue) Organs – a group of tissues that work together to carry out a specific function (ex. brain, spinal cord) Organ systems – a group of organs that work together to perform a bodily function (ex. nervous system) Organism - all the organ systems working together to form an individual life form (ex. you) Species - a group of organisms that can reproduce to form viable offspring (ex. Homo sapiens)

4. 1. Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of up cells (single-celled or multicellular). 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function (basic unit of life). 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells (i.e. new cells form when parent cells divide).

5. 1. Cell Theory Exceptions: Viruses are not living cells.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and can reproduce themselves.
The very first living cells on Earth could not have formed from pre-existing cells.

6. 2 types of cells: Bacteria
2. Prokaryotic Cells
3. Eukaryotic Cells
Bacteria
Contain: cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, but not membrane bound organelles present
On circular DNA, no nucleus present
Plants, animals, protists and fungi
Contain: cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and membrane bound organelles
DNA found within the nucleus of the cell

7. 4. Organelles
Small structures inside the cell that perform specific life functions for the cell
Organelles are specialized to maintain homeostasis within the body
Plant cells DO NOT have lysosomes or small vacuoles
Animal cells DO NOT have a central vacuole, cell wall or chloroplast

8. 5. Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable environment in spite of internal or external changes
“homeo” = same + “stasis” = staying
Organisms become sick or die when they fail to maintain homeostasis
Ex. maintaining a safe body temperature

9. 6. Metabolism
All the chemical activities an organism must carry on in order to remain alive
To be considered living, all organisms must perform the following life functions: respiration, growth, synthesis, regulation, nutrition, transport, excretion and reproduction

10. Table 2: Life Functions of Organelles
Respiration – making energy for the cell
Growth – increasing in cell size or cell number
Synthesis – combining small molecules to make larger ones (ex. photosynthesis)
Regulation – maintaining a stable internal environment
Nutrition – obtaining and processing nutrients
Transport – circulation of materials throughout the organism
Excretion – removing metabolic wastes, ex. carbon dioxide, ammonia
Reproduction – producing new individuals

11. 7. Mitosis
Cell division: body cells grow and divide to make more cells
Passes on DNA to new cell
Daughter cell is genetically identical (clones) to parent cell
Allows organisms to reproduce, grow and repair damaged tissues
Form of asexual reproduction
Most of the cells in your body divide by mitosis

12. 8. Meiosis
Occurs in multi-cellular reproduction and is a form of sexual reproduction
Forms gametes (sex cells) that are NOT genetically identical to parent cells (creates variations)
Offspring receive half their genes from each parent in sexual reproduction