1. The Crusades, and the Reconquista

2. The Crusades and Reconquista
How can we best describe Latin-Greek relations in light of the Crusades?
How can we compare/contrast the Muslim jihad with the Christian Crusades?
How can we compare/contrast the Crusades and the Reconquista?

3. The Crusades Background and Context Growing apocalyptic expectations!
Seljuk advances, pilgrims threatened
Alexios I Komnenos requested western aid (1095)

4. The Crusades Council of Clermont (1095)
Convoked by Pope Urban II (r )
Called for crusade
Plenary indulgence promised
“God wills it!”
Urban II at Clermont

5. Praying Knight of “Westminster Psalter” (13th cent.)
The Crusades
The Crusaders
Included knights, ordinary people
Going on “pilgrimage”
Very expensive undertaking!
Sought expiation of sin, sanctification
Engaged in “just,” “holy” war
Praying Knight of “Westminster Psalter” (13th cent.)

6. The Crusades The First Crusade (1096-99) Some 60,000 crusaders!
Met in Constantinople  Nicaea (1097)
Conquered Antioch (1098), Jerusalem* (1099)
God’s favor?
Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

7. The Crusades
The Crusader States

8. The Crusades
Krak des Chevaliers, County of Tripoli

9. The Crusades

10. The Crusades
Necessities of siege warfare

11. The Crusades The Hospitallers of St. John
First based at hospice near Church of Holy Sepulcher
Adopted Rule of St. Augustine
Infirmarians
Defenders of Holy Land, pilgrims

12. The Crusades The Knights Templar
First based near former site of Temple
Adopted Cistercian Rule
Devoted to protection of pilgrims, Holy Land
Accusations of heresy, immorality  suppression (1312)

13. The Crusades

14. The Crusades
Questions?

15. The Crusades The Second Crusade (1147-49)
Edessa fell to Zengi of Mosul (1144)  new crusade
Recapture of Edessa not feasible
Besieged Damascus 4 days (July 1148)  failure!
Conrad III and Louis VII lead crusaders

16. The Crusades Saladin (1138-1193) Pious Muslim, dedicated to jihad
Aimed to unite Muslims
Victor at Battle of Hattin (July 4, 1187)
Conquered Jerusalem (Oct. 2)

17. The Crusades

18. The Crusades The Third Crusade (1189-1192)
Richard the Lionheart, Philip II of France vs. Saladin
Conquered Cyprus, recaptured Acre (1191)
Unable to retake Jerusalem!
Three-year truce signed (September 2, 1192)
Richard I “the Lionheart” (r )

19. The Crusades

20. The Crusades The Fourth Crusade (1202-04)
Called by Innocent III (1198)
“Detoured” to Constantinople at request of Prince Alexios (June 1203)
Crusaders deposed usurper emperor, installed Alexios
Alexios unable to make good  crusaders sacked Constantinople! (April 1204)

21. The Crusades The End of the Crusades Four major crusades
Acre fell to Muslims 1291  end of crusades
The Byzantine Empire
Reestablished 1261
Bitter hatred for Latin Christians
Considerably weakened

22. The Crusades

23. The Crusades
Questions?

24. The Reconquista The “Big Picture” “Crusade” in western Europe
Moorish unity fragmented (11th cent.)
Northern Christian princes launched reconquest

25. The Reconquista The Reconquista
Received papal support, promise of indulgence
Christian advances  conquest of Toledo (1085), Zaragoza (1118)
Successes  Christian kingdoms
St. James the Moor-Slayer

26. The Reconquista Las Navas de Tolosa (July 16, 1212)
Alfonso VIII of Castile, allies vs. Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir
100,000+ Muslims dead/captured
“The Punishment”
Last serious threat to Christian hegemony eliminated

27. The Reconquista

28. The Reconquista King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Unified Crown of Spain (1469)
Conquered Granada (1469)
“Catholic Monarchs”
Ordered expulsion of Jews (1492), Moors (1504)

29. The Reconquista
Questions?

30. The Crusades and Reconquista
How can we best describe Latin-Greek relations in light of the Crusades?
How can we compare/contrast the Muslim jihad with the Christian Crusades?
How can we compare/contrast the Crusades and the Reconquista?